The nurse engages in therapeutic use of self when using which therapeutic listening technique

1. Mottram A. Therapeutic relationships in day surgery: a grounded theory study. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(20):2830–2837. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Priebe S, McCabe R. The therapeutic relationship in psychiatric settings. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006;113:69–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Cousin G, Schmid Mast M, Roter DL, Hall JA. Concordance between physician communication style and patient attitudes predicts patient satisfaction. Patient Educ Couns. 2012;87(2):193–197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Step MM, Rose JH, Albert JM, Cheruvu VK, Siminoff LA. Modeling patient-centered communication: oncologist relational communication and patient communication involvement in breast cancer adjuvant therapy decision-making. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;77(3):369–378. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Shay LA, Dumenci L, Siminoff LA, Flocke SA, Lafata JE. Factors associated with patient reports of positive physician relational communication. Patient Educ Couns. 2012;89(1):96–101. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Kelley JM, Kraft-Todd G, Schapira L, Kossowsky J, Riess H. The influence of the patient-clinician relationship on healthcare outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e94207. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Bolster D, Manias E. Person-centred interactions between nurses and patients during medication activities in an acute hospital setting: qualitative observation and interview study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2010;47(2):154–165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Zandbelt LC, Smets EMA, Oort FJ, Godfried MH, de Haes HCJM. Medical specialists’ patient-centered communication and patient-reported outcomes. Med Care. 2007;45(4):330–339. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Ross L. Facilitating rapport through real patient encounters in health care professional education. Australas J Paramed. 2014;10(4) [Google Scholar]

10. O’Connell E. Therapeutic relationships in critical care nursing: a reflection on practice. Nurs Crit Care. 2008;13(3):138–143. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Foster T, Hawkins J. The therapeutic relationship: dead or merely impeded by technology? Br J Nurs. 2005;14(13):698–702. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. McCabe C. Nurse-patient communication: an exploration of patients’ experiences. J Clin Nurs. 2004;13(1):41–49. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. McQueen A. Nurse-patient relationships and partnership in hospital care. J Clin Nurs. 2000;9(5):723–731. [Google Scholar]

14. Emeis C. Current resources for evidence based practice. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2012;57(2):196–200. [Google Scholar]

15. Whittemore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs. 2005;52(5):546–553. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Russell CL. An overview of the integrative research review. Prog Transplant. (Aliso Viejo, Calif.) 2005;15(1):8–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Torraco RJ. Writing integrative literature reviews: guidelines and examples. Hum Resource Dev Rev. 2005;4(3):356–367. [Google Scholar]

18. Northouse LL, Katapodi MC, Schafenacker AM, Weiss D. The impact of caregiving on the psychological well-being of family caregivers and cancer patients. Sem Oncol Nurs. 2012;28(4):236–245. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Williams AM, Irurita VF. Therapeutic and non-therapeutic interpersonal interactions: the patient’s perspective. J Clin Nurs. 2004;13(7):806–815. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Lees D, Procter N, Fassett D. Therapeutic engagement between consumers in suicidal crisis and mental health nurses. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2014;23(4):306–315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Jones R, Regan M, Ristevski E, Breen S. Patients’ perception of communication with clinicians during screening and discussion of cancer supportive care needs. Patient Educ Couns. 2011;85(3):e209–215. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Mitchell EA, McCance T. Nurse–patient encounters in the hospital ward, from the perspectives of older persons: an analysis using the Authentic Consciousness Framework. Int J Older People Nurs. 2012;7(2):95–104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Jagosh J, Boudreau J, Steinert Y, MacDonald M, Ingram L. The importance of physician listening from the patients’ perspective: enhancing diagnosis, healing, and the doctor–patient relationship. Patient Educ Couns. 2011;85(3):369–374. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Adams K, Cimino JEW, Arnold RM, Anderson WG. Why should I talk about emotion? Communication patterns associated with physician discussion of patient expressions of negative emotion in hospital admission encounters. Patient Educ Couns. 2012;89(1):44–50. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Sanghavi DM. What makes for a compassionate patient-caregiver relationship? Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2006;32(5):283–292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Greenberg M. Therapeutic play: developing humor in the nurse-patient relationship. J N Y State Nurses Assoc. 2003;34(1):25–31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Nørgaard B, Kofoed P-E, Kyvik KO, Ammentorp J. Communication skills training for health care professionals improves the adult orthopaedic patient’s experience of quality of care. Scand J Caring Sci. 2012;26(4):698–704. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Shattell M. Eventually it’ll be over: the dialectic between confinement and freedom in the world of the hospitalized patient. In: Pollio HR, Thomas SP, editors. Listening to Patients: A Phenomenological Approach to Nursing Research and Practice. New York, NY: Springer; 2002. pp. 214–236. [Google Scholar]

29. Shattell M. Nurse bait: Strategies hospitalized patients use to entice nurses within the context of the interpersonal relationship. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2005;26(2):205–223. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Tabler M, Scammon M, Debra L, et al. Patient care experiences and perceptions of the patient-provider relationship: a mixed method study. Patient Exper J. 2014;1(1):75–87. [Google Scholar]

31. Fakhr Movahedi A, Salsali M, Negharandeh R, Rahnavard Z. A qualitative content analysis of nurse–patient communication in Iranian nursing. Int Nurs Rev. 2011;58(2):171–180. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Bakken S, Holzemer WL, Brown M, et al. Relationships between perception of engagement with health care provider and demographic characteristics, health status, and adherence to therapeutic regimen in persons with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2000;14(4):189–197. 189p. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Morton J, Brekhus J, Reynolds M, Dykes A. Improving the patient experience through nurse leader rounds. Patient Exper J. 2014;1(2):53–61. [Google Scholar]

34. Chou CL, Cooley L, Pearlman E, White MK. Enhancing patient experience by training local trainers in fundamental communication skills. Patient Exper J. 2014;1(2):36–45. [Google Scholar]

35. Kennedy M, Denise M, Fasolino M, John P, Gullen M, David J. Improving the patient experience through provider communication skills building. Patient Exper J. 2014;1(1):56–60. [Google Scholar]

36. Kennedy D, Caselli R, Berry L. A roadmap for improving healthcare service quality. J Healthc Manag. 2011;56(6):385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Cioffi J. Culturally diverse patient–nurse interactions on acute care wards. Int J Nurs Pract. 2006;12(6):319–325. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Tetley A, Jinks M, Huband N, Howells K. A systematic review of measures of therapeutic engagement in psychosocial and psychological treatment. J Clin Psychol. 2011;67(9):927–941. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Westerman T. Guest editorial: engagement of indigenous clients in mental health services: what role do cultural differences play? Australian e-journal for the Adv Ment Health. 2004;3(3):88–93. [Google Scholar]

40. Dowling M. The meaning of nurse–patient intimacy in oncology care settings: from the nurse and patient perspective. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2008;12(4):319–328. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Bolton SC. Who cares? Offering emotion work as a ‘gift’in the nursing labour process. J Adv Nurs. 2000;32(3):580–586. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Savage J. Nursing Intimacy: An Ethnographic Approach to Nurse-patient Interaction. London, UK: Scutari Press; 1995. [Google Scholar]


Page 2

Summary of included studies

Author(s), year, and countryDesignPurposeSample and study populationData collection methodMethod of analysisSignificant findings and outcomes
Adams et al,24 2012 (USA)QualitativeTo understand how hospitalists respond to patients’ expressions of negative emotion and to identify how different types of responses influence further communication in the encounter79 patients, mean age 54 years: 36 males, 43 females; 27 physicians, mean age 35 years: 11 males, 16 femalesAudio-recorded interviewsThematic analysisClinicians should respond to expressions of negative emotion with statements that allow for or explicitly encourage further discussion of emotion
Greenberg,26 2003 (USA)QualitativeTo explore humor within the context of nurse–patient relationshipsProtracted data collection over 14 months; nurse–patient dyadic relationships; 3 nurses, 2 females, 1 male, 26–32 years in age, 1.5–5 years’ experience; 3 patients, 1 male, 2 females200 hours of observation, 25 hours of formal and informal interviewsConstant comparative methodEmpowering clinicians involved in professional relationships a tactic for the development of humor as a caring strategy
Jagosh et al,23 2011 (Canada)QualitativeTo convey attitudes, perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about experiences with physician care26 males, 32 females, ≥18–65 yearsSemi-structured interviewThematic analysisListening is an essential component of clinical data gathering and diagnosis; listening as a healing and therapeutic agent; listening as a means of fostering and strengthening the doctor–patient relationship
Jones et al,21 2011 (Australia)QualitativeTo explore cancer patients’ perception of communication with their clinician during a supportive care screening and discussion process and the ways in which this process assisted communicationConvenience sample; 3 days after the supportive care discussion; 154 cancer patients: 72 men, 82 women, (4 patients) < 40 years, (128 patients) 40–79 years; (22 patients) >80 years; 36 clinicians conducted supportive care processSemi-structured and open-ended questionsThematic analysisScreening and discussion through supportive care facilitated communication; a patient- centered process of supportive care can assist clinicians to meet the unmet needs of patients with cancer leading to an increased patient satisfaction
Lees,20 2014 (Australia)QualitativeTo explore the experiences and needs that mental health care consumers have of suicidal crisis, the degree to which these needs are met, the role that mental health nurse engagement plays and the key factors suggested to impact on the quality of careSurvey population: mental health nurses (n=87); semi-structured interviews: mental health nurses 6 females, 5 males, average age of 48 years, average of 12 years’ mental health experience; consumers: 6 females, 3 males, average age of 41 yearsSurvey of mental health nurses, semi-structured interviews with subsection of nurses (n=11); semi-structured interviews with consumers recovering from suicidal crisis (n=9)Survey: descriptive statistics; interviews: data analysis drew upon adapted forms of critical discourse, constant comparative and classical content analysisTherapeutic interpersonal engagement between nurses and consumers is central to quality care; essential to consider educational preparation, workplace training, clinical supervision, and support available to nurses
Mitchell and McCance,22 2012 (UK)QualitativeTo explore nurse–older person encounters and relationships within the context of person centerednessDisproportionate stratified sampling; 50 inpatients >65 yearsInterviews (conversational interviewing style)Authentic Consciousness FrameworkNurses are often invisible to the patient unless they are delivering care to address a physical need, therefore a notion of “rolelessness” that deprives patients from actively participating in important decisions about their care; person- centered strategies must enhance the capacity of older patients and their ability to assert self; nurses must work to actively engage the patient in all decision making
Nørgaard et al,27 2012 (Denmark)QuantitativeTo investigate if adult orthopedic patients’ evaluation of the quality of care improves after communication skills training for health care professionals3,133 patients; hospitalized for >24 hours in two orthopedic wards: Ward A – primarily elderly patients; mean age of men 56.4 years; mean age of women 62.04 years; Ward B – trauma patients; mean age of men 46.68 years; mean age of women 65.92 yearsPre- and post- questionnairesStatistical analysis STATA, version 11Increase in patient satisfaction with the quality of care received after attendance at communication skills training course (including attentive listening, silence, and summarizing skills); the necessity for clinicians to be trained in patient- centered communication across the health care spectrum
Sanghavi,25 2006 (USA)Mixed method“What makes for a compassionate patient-caregiver relationship?”Multidisciplinary caregiversQuestionnaires and transcripts collected at 54 hospitals across 21 statesTheme developmentThree major themes: communication, common ground, and respect for individuality; a prescription for change embracing support, regular guidance, repeated reinforcement, specific targeted outcomes, and more innovative care programs
Williams and Irurita,19 2004 (Australia)QualitativeTo explore and describe, from the perspective of hospitalized patients, the perceived therapeutic effect of interpersonal interactions experienced during hospitalization40 recently hospitalized patients, 1 day to more than 15 days, 13 males, 27 females, age ranged from 29 to 93 years; 32 nursesSemi-structured formal and informal interviews; 78 hours of field across two health care settings; relevant documentation pertaining to nursing care plans and patient notesConstant comparative analysis; open, axial, and selective coding; NUD*IST softwarePersonal control is a central feature of emotional comfort, and accounts for the way in which patients interpret therapeutic and nontherapeutic interpersonal interactions encountered during hospitalization; identification of the characteristics of interpersonal interactions that facilitate emotional comfort allows direction for enhancing therapeutic potential in all interpersonal interactions experienced by hospitalized patients
Zandbelt et al,8 2007 (The Netherlands)Mixed methods9,10To determine the association of specialists’ patient-centered communication with patient satisfaction, adherence, and health status30 physicians (15 staff physicians and 15 residents), 16 males, 14 females; mean years in practice 8.6 years; 330 patients, 138 males, 192 females, mean age 52 yearsQuestionnaires/scales and videotaped encounterCoding behavior; statistical analysisPatients were more satisfied when their medical specialist displayed more facilitating and less inhibiting behavior