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Recent research has contradicted many of Freud's basic ideas, including the overriding importance of childhood experiences, degree of parental influence, timing of gender-identity formation, importance of sexuality during childhood, existence of hidden content in dreams, and frequency of repressed memories. Critics note that Freud's ideas are not verifiable by scientific methods, and that his theory offers only after-the-fact explanations. Freud's supporters reply that Freud viewed psychoanalysis as a way to find meaning in our existence, not as a predicitive science. Freud drew psychology's attention to the unconscious and to the struggle to cope with anxiety. Although contemporary research fails to support Freud's view of the unconscious mind as a reservoir repressed thoughts and emotions, findings throughout this text indicate that a vast amount of unconscious information processing occurs without our awareness, current research does not support the concept of defense mechanisms closely tied to defense of the unconscious. It does not support some defenses that protect self-esteem, such as reaction formation, the false-consensus effect, and terror management. Finally, Freud is credited with focusing attention on the conflict between biological impulses and social restraints. And without question, his cultural impact has been enormous.
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