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Summary of included studies
Adams et al,24 2012 [USA] | Qualitative | To understand how hospitalists respond to patients’ expressions of negative emotion and to identify how different types of responses influence further communication in the encounter | 79 patients, mean age 54 years: 36 males, 43 females; 27 physicians, mean age 35 years: 11 males, 16 females | Audio-recorded interviews | Thematic analysis | Clinicians should respond to expressions of negative emotion with statements that allow for or explicitly encourage further discussion of emotion |
Greenberg,26 2003 [USA] | Qualitative | To explore humor within the context of nurse–patient relationships | Protracted data collection over 14 months; nurse–patient dyadic relationships; 3 nurses, 2 females, 1 male, 26–32 years in age, 1.5–5 years’ experience; 3 patients, 1 male, 2 females | 200 hours of observation, 25 hours of formal and informal interviews | Constant comparative method | Empowering clinicians involved in professional relationships a tactic for the development of humor as a caring strategy |
Jagosh et al,23 2011 [Canada] | Qualitative | To convey attitudes, perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about experiences with physician care | 26 males, 32 females, ≥18–65 years | Semi-structured interview | Thematic analysis | Listening is an essential component of clinical data gathering and diagnosis; listening as a healing and therapeutic agent; listening as a means of fostering and strengthening the doctor–patient relationship |
Jones et al,21 2011 [Australia] | Qualitative | To explore cancer patients’ perception of communication with their clinician during a supportive care screening and discussion process and the ways in which this process assisted communication | Convenience sample; 3 days after the supportive care discussion; 154 cancer patients: 72 men, 82 women, [4 patients] < 40 years, [128 patients] 40–79 years; [22 patients] >80 years; 36 clinicians conducted supportive care process | Semi-structured and open-ended questions | Thematic analysis | Screening and discussion through supportive care facilitated communication; a patient- centered process of supportive care can assist clinicians to meet the unmet needs of patients with cancer leading to an increased patient satisfaction |
Lees,20 2014 [Australia] | Qualitative | To explore the experiences and needs that mental health care consumers have of suicidal crisis, the degree to which these needs are met, the role that mental health nurse engagement plays and the key factors suggested to impact on the quality of care | Survey population: mental health nurses [n=87]; semi-structured interviews: mental health nurses 6 females, 5 males, average age of 48 years, average of 12 years’ mental health experience; consumers: 6 females, 3 males, average age of 41 years | Survey of mental health nurses, semi-structured interviews with subsection of nurses [n=11]; semi-structured interviews with consumers recovering from suicidal crisis [n=9] | Survey: descriptive statistics; interviews: data analysis drew upon adapted forms of critical discourse, constant comparative and classical content analysis | Therapeutic interpersonal engagement between nurses and consumers is central to quality care; essential to consider educational preparation, workplace training, clinical supervision, and support available to nurses |
Mitchell and McCance,22 2012 [UK] | Qualitative | To explore nurse–older person encounters and relationships within the context of person centeredness | Disproportionate stratified sampling; 50 inpatients >65 years | Interviews [conversational interviewing style] | Authentic Consciousness Framework | Nurses are often invisible to the patient unless they are delivering care to address a physical need, therefore a notion of “rolelessness” that deprives patients from actively participating in important decisions about their care; person- centered strategies must enhance the capacity of older patients and their ability to assert self; nurses must work to actively engage the patient in all decision making |
Nørgaard et al,27 2012 [Denmark] | Quantitative | To investigate if adult orthopedic patients’ evaluation of the quality of care improves after communication skills training for health care professionals | 3,133 patients; hospitalized for >24 hours in two orthopedic wards: Ward A – primarily elderly patients; mean age of men 56.4 years; mean age of women 62.04 years; Ward B – trauma patients; mean age of men 46.68 years; mean age of women 65.92 years | Pre- and post- questionnaires | Statistical analysis STATA, version 11 | Increase in patient satisfaction with the quality of care received after attendance at communication skills training course [including attentive listening, silence, and summarizing skills]; the necessity for clinicians to be trained in patient- centered communication across the health care spectrum |
Sanghavi,25 2006 [USA] | Mixed method | “What makes for a compassionate patient-caregiver relationship?” | Multidisciplinary caregivers | Questionnaires and transcripts collected at 54 hospitals across 21 states | Theme development | Three major themes: communication, common ground, and respect for individuality; a prescription for change embracing support, regular guidance, repeated reinforcement, specific targeted outcomes, and more innovative care programs |
Williams and Irurita,19 2004 [Australia] | Qualitative | To explore and describe, from the perspective of hospitalized patients, the perceived therapeutic effect of interpersonal interactions experienced during hospitalization | 40 recently hospitalized patients, 1 day to more than 15 days, 13 males, 27 females, age ranged from 29 to 93 years; 32 nurses | Semi-structured formal and informal interviews; 78 hours of field across two health care settings; relevant documentation pertaining to nursing care plans and patient notes | Constant comparative analysis; open, axial, and selective coding; NUD*IST software | Personal control is a central feature of emotional comfort, and accounts for the way in which patients interpret therapeutic and nontherapeutic interpersonal interactions encountered during hospitalization; identification of the characteristics of interpersonal interactions that facilitate emotional comfort allows direction for enhancing therapeutic potential in all interpersonal interactions experienced by hospitalized patients |
Zandbelt et al,8 2007 [The Netherlands] | Mixed methods9,10 | To determine the association of specialists’ patient-centered communication with patient satisfaction, adherence, and health status | 30 physicians [15 staff physicians and 15 residents], 16 males, 14 females; mean years in practice 8.6 years; 330 patients, 138 males, 192 females, mean age 52 years | Questionnaires/scales and videotaped encounter | Coding behavior; statistical analysis | Patients were more satisfied when their medical specialist displayed more facilitating and less inhibiting behavior |