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Terms in this set [23]
Validity
the desired phenomena being measured
Reliability
how consistent is the data
-research design
-instrument
Research Design
a. Validity - how well can we generalize from the sample to the population
b. Reliability - is the data collected accurate [& complete] for the sample
Instrument
a. Validity - are the things we want to measure being measures?
b. Reliability - how consistent [stable] are the measurements
Validity and Reliability may also be discussed in terms of..
Internal Validity or Internal Reliability
External Validity or external Reliability
Internal Validity or Internal Reliability
[within the specific study or research design]
External Validity or external Reliability
in relation to the larger population
The relationship between reliability and validity
"you can have a test that is reliable, but one that is not valid. However, you cannot have a valid test without it first being reliable.
Cronbach's alpha minimum acceptable level
.70
Sensitivity and Specificity
This refers to the proportion of people who truly have the condition or do not have a certain condition. There are most commonly applied to the diagnostic tests.
Concurrent Validity
The degree of correlation with another standardized instrument. A new test may be derived secondary to decreased time and decreased cost than another validated instrument.
External Validity
The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to a target population. External validity depends on the representativeness of a sample and the rigor of an experiment. Replication of a study producing consistent results increases the external validity. -Make sure sample is large enough to generalize
Discriminant Validity
shows the measures of constructs that theoretically should not be related to each other are, in fact, observed to not be related to each other. [i.e.: You should be able to discriminate between dissimilar constructs]. *You need to show that measures that should not be related are in reality not related.
Predictive Validity
The level of testing or measuring instrument that can predict future performance, functioning, or behavior. For example, the Scholastic Aptitude Test [SAT] is tested for predictive validity in its ability to predict academic success in college. Predictive validity could be measured over time.
Representational Validity
Involves gathering evidence that the measure really assesses what it is supposed to assess. Does it tap behavior or construct as intended by its developer? If behavior is being assessed, this form of validation is synonymous with accuracy. An accurate measure, by definition, is one for which the scores are determined by the phenomenon being assessed, not something else. When a hypothetical construct is the subject matter, representational validity provides evidence that the trait or construct determines the test scores.
Convergent Validity
The test results should correlate highly with another measure of the same variable or construct; infer degree if agreement measuring the same trait with two different tests of the same trait or construct.
Content Validity
Measures how well the items represent the entire universe of items. For example, do the questions on a survey assess what you want them to assess. Content validity is established by asking an expert about the items of the survey [do they assess what you want them to assess]. It is used to establish the trustworthiness of results from a test or an assessment tool
Criterion-Related Validity
The ability to determine performance on one test based on the performance on another test; the degree of agreement between two tests; determines the accuracy of prediction which is obtained by squaring the validity coefficient [r2], which tells us how much variance the prediction variable is able to explain.
Internal Validity
The quality of an experimental design such that the results obtained are attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable. In other words, if what you see is a function of what you did, then the experiment has internal validity.
Validity
1. The truthfulness or accuracy within the score of a
test or interpretation of an experiment.
2. The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
Test-Retest Reliability
A common way to determine whether a test is reliable. The same test is administered twice. The tests result in the same score.
Alternate-Form Reliability
Offers a solution to the problem of temporal stability. For evaluations of the type just described, it is preferable to use two different forms of the same measure. One can be administered before services are provided, and the other after they are completed. Alternate-Forms are produce by staring with a large pool of items related to the characteristics being assessed.
Intra-Rater Reliability
Obtaining the same results each time the same person gives the test.
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Verified questionsQUESTION
The developmental theories of Lev Vygotsky differed from those of Jean Piaget in that Vygotsky a. emphasized the role of social environment. b. thought that Piaget ignored psychosexual development of children. c. questioned Piaget's focus on adult development. d. focused more on moral development. e. thought that the spiritual, component of children's growth was essential.
Verified answer
PSYCHOLOGY
Which of the following carries the information necessary to activate withdrawal of the hand from a hot object? a. Sensory neuron. b. Motor neuron. c. Interneuron. d. Receptor neuron. e. Reflex.
Verified answer
QUESTION
Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding emotion? a. Smiles are neither social nor emotional events. b. Inhabitants of individualist countries are more likely to display nonverbal emotions than inhabitants of collectivist countries. c. Mouths convey more emotion than eyes. d. Natively blind people who have never seen a smile will never generate a smile. e. Cultures share a universal facial language for basic emotions.
Verified answer
QUESTION
Damage to which of the following puts a person's life in the most danger because it may cause breathing to stop? a. Amygdala. b. Thalamus. c. Medulla d. Hippocampus. e. Hypothalamus.
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