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Populists
Founded in 1892, a group that advocated a variety of reform issues, including free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators. [page 641]
Coxy's Army
A march on Washington organized by Jacob Coxey, an Ohio member of the People's Party. Coxey believed in abandoning the gold standard and printing enough legal tender to reinvigorate the economy. The marchers demanded that Congress create jobs and pay workers in paper currency not backed by gold. [page 644]
New South
Atlanta Constitution editor Henry W. Grady's 1886 term for the prosperous post-Civil War South he envisioned: democratic, industrial, urban, and free of nostalgia for the defeated plantation South. [page 648]
Kansas Exodus
A migration in 1879 and 1880 by some 40,000-60,000 blacks to Kansas to escape the oppressive environment of the New South. [page 650]
grandfather clause
Loophole created by southern disenfranchising legislatures of the 1890s for illiterate white males whose grandfathers had been eligible to vote before the Civil War. [page 651]
disenfranchisement
To deprive of the right to vote; in the United States, exclusionary policies were used to deny groups, especially African-Americans and women, their voting rights. [page 651]
Plessey v. Ferguson
U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites. [page 652]
"seperate but equal"
Principle underlying legal racial segregation, upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson [1896] and struck down in Brown v. Board of Education [1954]. [page 652]
lynching
Practice, particularly widespread in the South between 1890 and 1940, in which persons [usually black] accused of a crime were murdered by mobs before standing trial. Lynchings often took place before large crowds, with law enforcement authorities not intervening. [page 654]
the Lost Cause
A romanticized view of slavery, the Old South, and the Confederacy that arose in the decades following the Civil War. [page 655]
new immigrants
Wave of newcomers from southern and eastern Europe, including many Jews, who became a majority among immigrants to America after 1890. [page 656]
Immigration Restriction League
A political organization founded in 1894 that called for reducing immigration to the United States by requiring a literacy test for immigrants. [page 657]
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 law that halted Chinese immigration to the United States. [page 657]
Atlanta Compromise
Speech to the Cotton States and International Exposition in 1895 by educator Booker T. Washington, the leading black spokesman of the day; black scholar W. E. B. Du Bois gave the speech its derisive name and criticized Washington for encouraging blacks to accommodate segregation and disenfranchisement. [page 659]
American Federation of Labor
A federation of trade unions founded in 1881, composed mostly of skilled, white, native-born workers; its long-term president was Samuel Gompers. [page 659]
yellow press
Sensationalism in newspaper publishing that reached a peak in the circulation war between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal in the 1890s; the papers' accounts of events in Havana Harbor in 1898 led directly to the Spanish-American War. [page 666]
U.S.S Maine
Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898, resulting in 266 deaths; the American public, assuming that the Spanish had mined the ship, clamored for war, and the Spanish-American War was declared two months later. [page 666]
Platt Amendment
1901 amendment to the Cuban constitution that reserved the United States' right to intervene in Cuban affairs and forced newly independent Cuba to host American naval bases on the island. [page 668]
Open Door Policy
Demand in 1899 by Secretary of State John Hay, in hopes of protecting the Chinese market for U.S. exports, that Chinese trade be open to all nations. [page 669]
Philippine War
American military campaign that suppressed the movement for Philippine independence after the Spanish-American War; America's death toll was over 4,000 and the Philippines' was far higher. [page 670]
Insular Cases
Series of cases between 1901 and 1904 in which the Supreme Court ruled that constitutional protection of individual rights did not fully apply to residents of "insular" territories acquired by the United States in the Spanish-American War, such as Puerto Rico and the Philippines. [page 672]
Anti-Imperialist League
Coalition of anti-imperialist groups united in 1899 to protest American territorial expansion, especially in the Philippine Islands; its membership included prominent politicians, industrialists, labor leaders, and social reformers. [page 674]
After 1870, a "new imperialism" arose, dominated by European powers and Japan. TRUE OR FALSE
True
An oversupply of cotton on the world market, which led to a sharp decline in prices, contributed to a farmers' revolt and gave rise to the Populist movement. TRUE OR FALSE
True
As the subordination of blacks grew more rigid, American attitudes toward immigrants grew more tolerant. TRUE OR FALSE
False
Between 1879 and 1880, an estimated 40,000-60,000 African-Americans migrated to
Kansas
Both the Baptist and Methodist religions divided into northern and southern branches after the Civil War. TRUE OR FALSE
True
During the 1880s, the South as a regional whole
sank deeper and deeper into poverty.
During the 1890s, millions of farmers rejected the Populist movement in an attempt to reverse their declining economic prospects and to rescue the government from what they saw as control by powerful corporate interests. TRUE OR FALSE
False
In 1875, Congress excluded Chinese women from entering the country. TRUE OR FALSE
True
In 1882 and again in 1902, the United States Congress passed laws excluding immigrants from China. TRUE OR FALSE
True
In 1894, a coalition of white Populists and black Republicans won control of North Carolina, bringing the state into a sort of "second Reconstruction." TRUE OR FALSE
True
In 1900, in the entire South, how many public high schools for blacks existed?
none
In 1900, the Foraker Act declared Puerto Rico an "insular territory," meaning it was different from previous territories in the West. TRUE OR FALSE
True
In 1915, the United States Supreme Court invalidated the "grandfather clause" for violating the Fifteenth Amendment. TRUE OR FALSE
True
In February 1898, what ship exploded in Havana Harbor with a loss of nearly 270 lives?
the battleship Maine
In James Bryce's book, The American Commonwealth [1888], he suggests that African-Americans should have been given the right to vote much sooner to have avoided the tension in the decades following the Civil War. TRUE OR FALSE
False
In a show of democratic solidarity on the part of the American people, the Farmers' Alliance, especially in the southern states, welcomed black farmers into the alliance. TRUE OR FALSE
False
In the 1880s and 1890s, blacks no longer served in the United States Congress. TRUE OR FALSE
False
In the last two decades of the nineteenth century, "new immigrants" were welcomed with open arms by the American people. TRUE OR FALSE
False
In the late nineteenth century, black women were largely excluded from jobs as secretaries, typists, and department store clerks. TRUE OR FALSE
True
In the late nineteenth century, urban workers rallied in support of Populist farmers. TRUE OR FALSE
False
In this Supreme Court ruling, San Francisco was ordered to admit Chinese students to public schools.
Tape v. Hurley
Ironically, the Farmers' Alliance found greater support among industrial workers than among small farmers. TRUE OR FALSE
False
Like the American Federation of Labor, the National American Woman Suffrage Association was infused with the social elitism of the times. TRUE OR FALSE
True
Most Americans who looked to expand America's influence overseas were interested, not in territorial possessions, but in expanded trade. TRUE OR FALSE
True
One consequence of the bitter attacks on African-Americans' political rights across the South was that, by 1940, 97 percent of adult black southerners were not registered to vote. TRUE OR FALSE
True
Only after Spain threatened to invade America did the United States elect to go to war. TRUE OR FALSE
False
Segregation was more than a form of racial separation; it was one part of an all-encompassing system of white domination. TRUE OR FALSE
True
Southern Democrats persistently raised the threat of "Negro domination" [a process often referred to as demagoguery] to justify denying blacks the right to vote. TRUE OR FALSE
True
Southern Populists forged notable alliances between black and white farmers. TRUE OR FALSE
True
The "splendid little war" of 1898 was
Spanish-American War
The "subtreasury plan" was
a plan to establish federal warehouses where farmers could store crops until they were sold.
The "white man's burden" was a way of saying that non-white people ruled over white people in many areas around the world and formed part of the progress of civilization that must be stopped. TRUE OR FALSE
False
The 1890s saw a widespread imposition not only of disfranchisement, but also of segregation in the South. TRUE OR FALSE
True
The 1892 People's Party platform, written by Ignatius Donnelly and adopted at the party's Omaha convention, proposed all of the following
direct election of United States senators.
a graduated income
tax.
recognition of the rights of workers to form labor unions.
The 1897 Dingley Tariff
raised tariff rates to their highest level in American history to that time.
The Lost Cause mythology was rarely incorporated into churches as slavery was still questionable in the Bible. TRUE OR FALSE
False
The Platt Amendment authorized the United States to intervene militarily whenever it saw fit. TRUE OR FALSE
True
The Redeemers in the South
slashed state budgets, cut taxes, and reduced spending on hospitals and public schools.
The Women's Christian Temperance Union began by demanding the prohibition of alcoholic drinks, but developed into an organization
calling for a comprehensive program of economic and political reforms, including the right to vote.
The congressman from Nebraska who was the Democratic Party nominee for president in 1896 and who called for the "free coinage" of silver was
William Jennings Bryan.
The election of 1896 is sometimes called the first modern presidential campaign, in part, because of the amount of money spent—William McKinley raised some $10 million, while William Jennings Bryan raised only around $300,000. TRUE OR FALSE
True
The idea of a romanticized version of slavery in the Old South, focusing on the Confederate experience was called
the Lost Cause
The immigrants facing the harshest reception in late-nineteenth-century America were those arriving from
China
The largest citizens' movement of the nineteenth century was
the Farmers Alliance
The leader of the band of several hundred unemployed men who marched on Washington in May 1894 to demand economic relief was
Jacob Coxey
The name for the coalition of black Republicans and anti-Redeemer Democrats that governed the state of Virginia from 1879 to 1883 was
the Readjuster Movement
The organization that united writers and social reformers who felt American energies should be directed at home rather than acquiring land around the globe was called the Anti-Imperialist League. TRUE OR FALSE
True
This political and social group promoted agricultural education and believed farmers should adopt modern scientific methods of cultivation.
Populists
Until the Great Migration of black Americans from the rural South to the urban North during World War I, the vast majority of African-Americans lived in the South. TRUE OR FALSE
True
What 1893 United States Supreme Court decision authorized the federal government to expel Chinese immigrants without due process of law?
Fong Yue Ting
What landmark United States Supreme Court decision gave approval to state laws requiring separate facilities for whites and blacks?
Plessy v. Ferguson
What war lasted from 1899 to 1903, in which 4,200 Americans and over 100,000 Filipinos perished?
the Philippine War
What was the name of the 1899 policy established by Secretary of State John Hay with regard to China?
the Open Door Policy
What was the name of the labor organization of principally white, male, skilled workers that arose in the 1880s and was headed by Samuel Gompers?
the American Federation of Labor
What was the name of the naval officer and his 1890 book that argued that no nation could prosper without a large fleet of ships engaged in international trade, protected by a powerful navy operating overseas bases?
Alfred T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
What was the name of the railroad car company against which workers struck in 1894?
Pullman
Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?
- founding of People's [Populist] Party; William Jennings Bryan's
"cross of gold" speech; Coxey's Army
- Kansas Exodus; Booker T. Washington's Atlanta address; Plessy v. Ferguson
- sinking of battleship Maine; publication of Josiah Strong's Our Country; overthrow of Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani
- founding of Immigration Restriction League; Homestead Strike; founding of National American Woman Suffrage Association
sinking of battleship Maine; publication of Josiah Strong's Our Country; overthrow of Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani
Which of the following was a central principle of the American Federation of Labor?
Labor should avoid entanglement in politics.
Bargaining with employers over day-to-day issues is the most promising avenue for labor.
Organized labor should pursue concrete gains rather than dreamy reforms.
Which of the following was a factor behind the spread of segregation and disfranchisement laws in the South?
an overall narrowing of the American conception of nationhood
growing tolerance, and even encouragement, by the federal government for white supremacy
a desire to discourage further biracial insurgencies
Which of the following was a grievance of the Farmers' Alliance and the Populists?
excessive power of the banks and
railroads
inadequate government response to the plight of ordinary farmers
excessive interest rates
Which of the following was a leading strategy of the Populists?
creating cooperative enterprises through which to distribute their crops on more reasonable terms
holding public events to give their followers a sense of power and community
declaring political independence from the two major political
parties
Which of the following was a major reason for America's imperial expansion?
a sense of strategic rivalry with other imperial powers
a conviction that it was America's mission to uplift "less civilized" peoples
a quest on the part of business for new markets for goods
Which was one of the devices used by southern whites to keep blacks from exercising suffrage?
the poll tax
literacy tests
the grandfather clause
While the total number of lynchings is difficult to determine during this time period, from 1880 to the mid-twentieth century, the confirmed number of people lynched reached nearly
4,000
Who was the African-American leader who delivered a speech in 1895 at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition urging black Americans to adjust to segregation and stop agitating for civil and political rights?
Booker T. Washington
Who was the future American president who made a national name for himself by charging up San Juan Hill with the Rough Riders?
Theodore Roosevelt
Why did the nation's urban working-class voters shift their support en masse to the Republican Party in 1894?
Republicans claimed that raising tariff rates would restore prosperity by protecting manufacturers and industrial workers from the competition of cheap imported goods.
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