Which statement best describes where the middle class tended to live in late nineteenth century urban areas?

As both industry and farming became more mechanized, the number of tools required for such work increased dramatically. What were some of the consequences of this evolution?

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At the very beginning of Victoria's reign, progressive and conservative schools of thought were best characterized by:

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Henry Mayhew writes at length about the London poor and the types of labor they performed. Identify which type of literary genre Mayhew’s work most closely resembles.

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Many well-educated young women from poorer families became governesses, including novelist Charlotte Bronte. However, Bronte did not recommend this work. What are some of the major problems encountered by governesses?

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Middle- and upper-class Victorian women faced complicated expectations regarding paid work. Why?

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Non-fiction works like Mayhew’s London Labor and the London Poor and fiction works like Dickens’ Hard Times often depict similar kinds of things. Which of the following best explains this relationship?

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Single women of middle and upper classes could work as either governesses or seamstresses. Why were these specific positions open to them?

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Some reactions to Henry Mayhew’s work on London Labor and London Poor might be described as:

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The National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies served to promote:

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The realities of Victorian life often offered contextual material for Victorian novels. Which of the following statements is true.

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The Victorian Era was characterized by which of the following?

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The Victorian novel often depicts the problems of Victorian life. Charles Dickens’ novel Hard Times uses description to provide a picture of the town and the effects of progress. Which of the following passages best visualizes the consequences of industrialization?

Choose one answer.

	a. “The name of the public-house was the Pegasus's Arms. The Pegasus's legs might have been more to the purpose; but, underneath the winged horse upon the sign-board, the Pegasus's Arms was inscribed in Roman letters.”
	b. “Before Mr. Bounderby could reply, a young man appeared at the door, and introducing himself with the words, ‘By your leaves, gentlemen!’ walked in with his hands in his pockets. His face, close-shaven, thin, and sallow, was shaded by a great quantity of dark hair, brushed into a roll all round his head, and parted up the centre. His legs were very robust, but shorter than legs of good proportions should have been.”
	c. “It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood, it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye, and vast piles of building full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-engine worked monotonously up and down, like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness. It contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited by people equally like one another, who all went in and out at the same hours, with the same sound upon the same pavements, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as yesterday and to-morrow, and every year the counterpart of the last and the next.”
	d. “‘Very well,’ said Bounderby. ‘I was born in a ditch, and my mother ran away from me. Do I excuse her for it? No. Have I ever excused her for it? Not I. What do I call her for it? I call her probably the very worst woman that ever lived in the world, except my drunken grandmother.’”
	e. All of these

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Victorian novels use characterization to represent class and rank. Which of the following passages is a good example of how Charles Dickens reveals the class tension in Hard Times?

Choose one answer.

	a. “He was a rich man: banker, merchant, manufacturer, and what not. A big, loud man, with a stare, and a metallic laugh. A man made out of a coarse material, which seemed to have been stretched to make so much of him. A man with a great puffed head and forehead, swelled veins in his temples, and such a strained skin to his face that it seemed to hold his eyes open, and lift his eyebrows up. A man with a pervading appearance on him of being inflated like a balloon, and ready to start. A man who could never sufficiently vaunt himself a self-made man. A man who was always proclaiming, through that brassy speaking-trumpet of a voice of his, his old ignorance and his old poverty. A man who was the Bully of humility.”
	b. “In truth, Mrs. Gradgrind's stock of facts in general was woefully defective; but Mr. Gradgrind in raising her to her high matrimonial position, had been influenced by two reasons. Firstly, she was most satisfactory as a question of figures; and, secondly, she had ‘no nonsense’ about her. By nonsense he meant fancy; and truly it is probable she was as free from any alloy of that nature, as any human being not arrived at the perfection of an absolute idiot, ever was.”
	c. “Being left to saunter in the hall a minute or two while Mr. Gradgrind went up-stairs for the address, he opened the door of the children's study and looked into that serene floor-clothed apartment, which, notwithstanding its book-cases and its cabinets and its variety of learned and philosophical appliances, had much of the genial aspect of a room devoted to hair-cutting. Louisa languidly leaned upon the window looking out, without looking at anything, while young Thomas stood sniffing revengefully at the fire. Adam Smith and Malthus, two younger Gradgrinds, were out at lecture in custody; and little Jane, after manufacturing a good deal of moist pipe-clay on her face with slate-pencil and tears, had fallen asleep over vulgar fractions.”
	d. “‘Oh, my poor health!’ returned Mrs. Gradgrind. ‘The girl wanted to come to the school, and Mr. Gradgrind wanted girls to come to the school, and Louisa and Thomas both said that the girl wanted to come, and that Mr. Gradgrind wanted girls to come, and how was it possible to contradict them when such was the fact!’”
	e. Both C and D

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Victorian novels use characterization to represent class and rank. Which of the following passages is a good example of how Thomas Hardy reveals the class tension in Return of the Native?

Choose one answer.

	a. “‘They say, too, that Clym Yeobright is become a real perusing man, with the strangest notions about things. There, that's because he went to school early, such as the school was.’” “‘Strange notions, has he?’ said the old man. ‘Ah, there's too much of that sending to school in these days! It only does harm. Every gatepost and barn's door you come to is sure to have some bad word or other chalked upon it by the young rascals—a woman can hardly pass for shame sometimes. If they'd never been taught how to write they wouldn't have been able to scribble such villainy. Their fathers couldn't do it, and the country was all the better for it.’”
	b. “‘I say, Sam,’ observed Humphrey when the old man was gone, ‘she and Clym Yeobright would make a very pretty pigeon-pair—hey? If they wouldn't I'll be dazed! Both of one mind about niceties for certain, and learned in print, and always thinking about high doctrine—there couldn't be a better couple if they were made o' purpose. Clym's family is as good as hers. His father was a farmer, that's true; but his mother was a sort of lady, as we know. Nothing would please me better than to see them two man and wife.’”
	c. “That five minutes of overhearing furnished Eustacia with visions enough to fill the whole blank afternoon. Such sudden alternations from mental vacuity do sometimes occur thus quietly. She could never have believed in the morning that her colourless inner world would before night become as animated as water under a microscope, and that without the arrival of a single visitor. The words of Sam and Humphrey on the harmony between the unknown and herself had on her mind the effect of the invading Bard's prelude in the Castle of Indolence, at which myriads of imprisoned shapes arose where had previously appeared the stillness of a void.”
	d. “The subject of their discourse had been keenly interesting to her. A young and clever man was coming into that lonely heath from, of all contrasting places in the world, Paris. It was like a man coming from heaven. More singular still, the heathmen had instinctively coupled her and this man together in their minds as a pair born for each other.”
	e. All of these

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Victorianism is best characterized by which of the following?

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Victorians were interested in social justice, and therefore were likely to take action based upon perceived social wrongs. Which of the following were programs instituted in the Victorian period?

Choose one answer.

	a. Chemistry, electricity, engineering, and architecture
	b. Empiricism, enlightenment, and romanticism
	c. Alcoholics Anonymous, the World Health Organization, and NATO
	d. Democracy, feminism, unionization of workers, socialism, and Marxism
	e. None of these

.

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What was the importance of The Married Woman’s Property Act of 1870?

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Which of the following best describes the Tory political perspective?

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Which of the following best describes the Whig political perspective?

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“Country life” before industrialization was:

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A bildungsroman is a novel that concerns itself with:

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An example of a bildungsroman novel would be:

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Between 1850 and 1900, approximately 1,200 “art” books were produced in Britain. Given that information, which of the following statements is most accurate?

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Dickens uses realism as a technique to support a larger theme that underlies his writing. He criticizes the institutionalized corruption that existed and attempts to engage the readers’ emotions (frustration, anger or sadness) on behalf of the victims. Which of these passages best illustrates this technique?

Choose one answer.

	a. “No, she had never seen him. Young as she was when her mama died, she remembered how the tears would come into her eyes when she spoke of him and of the noble generosity of his character, which she had said was to be trusted above all earthly things; and Ada trusted it.”
	b. “‘I began to keep the little creatures,’ she said, ‘with an object that the wards will readily comprehend. With the intention of restoring them to liberty. When my judgment should be given. Ye-es! They die in prison, though. Their lives, poor silly things, are so short in comparison with Chancery proceedings that, one by one, the whole collection has died over and over again. I doubt, do you know, whether one of these, though they are all young, will live to be free! Ve-ry mortifying, is it not?’”
	c. “Bless you, sir, the way she tended them two children after the mother died was the talk of the yard! And it was a wonder to see her with him after he was took ill, it really was! 'Mrs. Blinder,' he said to me the very last he spoke—he was lying there—'Mrs. Blinder, whatever my calling may have been, I see a angel sitting in this room last night along with my child, and I trust her to Our Father!”
	d. “There was such a shock of apprehension in his face, and he knew Richard so perfectly, and I too had seen so much of his gradual decay, that what my dear girl had said to me in the fullness of her foreboding love sounded like a knell in my ears. ‘In case you should be wanting Mr. C., sir,’ said Mr. Vholes, coming after us, ‘you'll find him in court. I left him there resting himself a little. Good day, sir; good day, Miss Summerson.’ As he gave me that slowly devouring look of his, while twisting up the strings of his bag before he hastened with it after Mr. Kenge, the benignant shadow of whose conversational presence he seemed afraid to leave, he gave one gasp as if he had swallowed the last morsel of his client, and his black buttoned-up unwholesome figure glided away to the low door at the end of the Hall.”
	e. All of these

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Gothic novels often refer to the “sublime” or “sublime feelings.” Which best defines this term?

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In many ways, Bleak House is a “Condition-of-England” novel. Which of the following passages best reflects the tenets of this genre?

Choose one answer.

	a. “It is not a large world. Relatively even to this world of ours, which has its limits too (as your Highness shall find when you have made the tour of it and are come to the brink of the void beyond), it is a very little speck. There is much good in it; there are many good and true people in it; it has its appointed place.”
	b. “My Lady Dedlock has returned to her house in town for a few days previous to her departure for Paris, where her ladyship intends to stay some weeks, after which her movements are uncertain. The fashionable intelligence says so for the comfort of the Parisians, and it knows all fashionable things.”
	c. “This is the Court of Chancery, which has its decaying houses and its blighted lands in every shire, which has its worn-out lunatic in every madhouse and its dead in every churchyard, which has its ruined suitor with his slipshod heels and threadbare dress borrowing and begging through the round of every man's acquaintance, which gives to monied might the means abundantly of wearying out the right, which so exhausts finances, patience, courage, hope, so overthrows the brain and breaks the heart, that there is not an honourable man among its practitioners who would not give—who does not often give—the warning, ‘Suffer any wrong that can be done you rather than come here!’”
	d. “I have a great deal of difficulty in beginning to write my portion of these pages, for I know I am not clever. I always knew that. I can remember, when I was a very little girl indeed, I used to say to my doll when we were alone together, ‘Now, Dolly, I am not clever, you know very well, and you must be patient with me, like a dear!’ And so she used to sit propped up in a great arm-chair, with her beautiful complexion and rosy lips, staring at me—or not so much at me, I think, as at nothing—while I busily stitched away and told her every one of my secrets.”
	e. “I knew he meant well in paying me this compliment, so I laughed at myself for blushing at it when he had shut the door and got upon the box; and we all three laughed and chatted about our inexperience and the strangeness of London until we turned up under an archway to our destination—a narrow street of high houses like an oblong cistern to hold the fog.”

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In the context of the Victorian Novel, realism:

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In the novel Bleak House, Dickens uses realism to represent the plight of poor laboring classes. Which of these passages best illustrates the use of realism?

Choose one answer.

	a. “Krook takes it, goes to the fire, stoops over the red embers, and tries to get a light. The dying ashes have no light to spare, and his endeavours are vain. Muttering, after an ineffectual call to his lodger, that he will go downstairs and bring a lighted candle from the shop, the old man departs. Mr. Tulkinghorn, for some new reason that he has, does not await his return in the room, but on the stairs outside.”
	b. “Groups of its inhabitants assemble to discuss the thing, and the outposts of the army of observation (principally boys) are pushed forward to Mr. Krook's window, which they closely invest. A policeman has already walked up to the room, and walked down again to the door, where he stands like a tower, only condescending to see the boys at his base occasionally; but whenever he does see them, they quail and fall back.”
	c. “At the appointed hour arrives the coroner, for whom the jurymen are waiting and who is received with a salute of skittles from the good dry skittle-ground attached to the Sol's Arms. The coroner frequents more public-houses than any man alive.”
	d. “Mrs. Piper lives in the court (which her husband is a cabinet-maker), and it has long been well beknown among the neighbours (counting from the day next but one before the half-baptizing of Alexander James Piper aged eighteen months and four days old on accounts of not being expected to live such was the sufferings gentlemen of that child in his gums) as the plaintive—so Mrs. Piper insists on calling the deceased—was reported to have sold himself.”
	e. “Here he is, very muddy, very hoarse, very ragged. Now, boy! But stop a minute. Caution. This boy must be put through a few preliminary paces. Name, Jo. Nothing else that he knows on. Don't know that everybody has two names. Never heerd of sich a think. Don't know that Jo is short for a longer name. Thinks it long enough for HIM. HE don't find no fault with it. Spell it? No. HE can't spell it. No father, no mother, no friends. Never been to school. What's home? Knows a broom's a broom, and knows it's wicked to tell a lie. Don't recollect who told him about the broom or about the lie, but knows both. Can't exactly say what'll be done to him arter he's dead if he tells a lie to the gentlemen here, but believes it'll be something wery bad to punish him, and serve him right—and so he'll tell the truth.”

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In the novels of Charlotte Bronte and Charles Dickens, realism is frequently used in scenes where the protagonist encounters challenging situations. In what ways does this represent a challenge to accepted “norms” of the period?

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Many Victorian novels were serialized, or published in small pieces in magazines or journals. Some reasons for doing so include which of the following?

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Physical description, dialogue, and physical actions are all techniques of:

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Plot and structure are very important to the Victorian novel. Which of these statements is most accurate?

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Publishing, printing, and bookselling businesses were:

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Sensation novels, which flourished in the Victorian period, primarily aimed to:

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Some tenets of gothic fiction include:

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The term the “Condition-of-England novels” refers to a body of narrative fiction that:

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The two basic aspects of setting are:

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The “Condition-of-England” novel was often influenced by external factors. Which of the following non-fiction accounts might have influenced this genre?

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Though science and the humanities are sometimes seen as oppositional, they often have a reciprocal relationship. Which of the following statements best illustrates this?

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Which of the following lists represents novel forms ALL present during the Victorian period?

Choose one answer.

	a. Bildungsroman, feminist novel, anti-bellum novel
	b. Sensation novel, adaptation, superhero novel
	c. Detective novel, new woman novel, gothic Novel
	d. Empty-center novel, magical realism novel, poetic novel
	e. Heroic epic, stanza poem novel, dystopia

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Which of the following mid-century phenomena led to the popularity of the sensation novel?

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Why is it important to pay attention to point of view and narrative voice when reading a novel?

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Woodblock illustrations were important until the development of line illustrations and other methods. Three outstanding woodblook illustrators of the period before line-drawing include:

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A number of Victorian feminists revived the Woman Question debate in their campaign for:

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A woman as “the angel of the house” is best described by which of the following?

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As part of their separate sphere, middle-class women were to provide:

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In the novel Jane Eyre, the governess-heroine falls in love with her employer, but knows that she would be wrong to tell him. Which of the following describes why such a confession would be wrong?

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Josephine Butler was well known for campaigning for women. Why did she attack the Contagious Disease Acts?

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Like Dickens, Bronte uses realism and social comparison to critique society and injustice. Which of the following passages best reflects this technique?

Choose one answer.

	a. “While the direction was being executed, the lady consulted moved slowly up the room. I suppose I have a considerable organ of veneration, for I retain yet the sense of admiring awe with which my eyes traced her steps. Seen now, in broad daylight, she looked tall, fair, and shapely; brown eyes with a benignant light in their irids, and a fine pencilling of long lashes round.”
	b. “Ravenous, and now very faint, I devoured a spoonful or two of my portion without thinking of its taste; but the first edge of hunger blunted, I perceived I had got in hand a nauseous mess; burnt porridge is almost as bad as rotten potatoes; famine itself soon sickens over it. The spoons were moved slowly: I saw each girl taste her food and try to swallow it; but in most cases the effort was soon relinquished. Breakfast was over, and none had breakfasted. Thanks being returned for what we had not got, and a second hymn chanted, the refectory was evacuated for the schoolroom.”
	c. “The din was on the causeway: a horse was coming; the windings of the lane yet hid it, but it approached. I was just leaving the stile; yet, as the path was narrow, I sat still to let it go by. In those days I was young, and all sorts of fancies bright and dark tenanted my mind: the memories of nursery stories were there amongst other rubbish; and when they recurred, maturing youth added to them a vigour and vividness beyond what childhood could give.”
	d. “Something of daylight still lingered, and the moon was waxing bright: I could see him plainly. His figure was enveloped in a riding cloak, fur collared and steel clasped; its details were not apparent, but I traced the general points of middle height and considerable breadth of chest. He had a dark face, with stern features and a heavy brow; his eyes and gathered eyebrows looked ireful and thwarted just now; he was past youth, but had not reached middle-age; perhaps he might be thirty-five.”
	e. “The second picture contained for foreground only the dim peak of a hill, with grass and some leaves slanting as if by a breeze. Beyond and above spread an expanse of sky, dark blue as at twilight: rising into the sky was a woman’s shape to the bust, portrayed in tints as dusk and soft as I could combine. The dim forehead was crowned with a star; the lineaments below were seen as through the suffusion of vapour; the eyes shone dark and wild; the hair streamed shadowy, like a beamless cloud torn by storm or by electric travail. On the neck lay a pale reflection like moonlight; the same faint lustre touched the train of thin clouds from which rose and bowed this vision of the Evening Star.”

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Like the “condition-of-England” novels, the governess novel often involves problems of social class. Which of the following explains why the position of governess lends itself to a novel of class critique?

Choose one answer.

	a. The governess was often much better educated than her employers.
	b. The governess was in the same class as her employers, and she was treated as one of the family. This demonstrated the benevolence of the middle class, which was a model of equality and domesticity.
	c. The servants and the governess were generally of the same class and yet had full control of the upper-class children, playing upon the fears of class uprising among the merchant and business classes.
	d. The only occupation at which an unmarried middle-class woman could earn a living and maintain some claim to gentility was that of a governess, but a governess could expect employment insecurity, minimal wages, and an ambiguous status, somewhere between servant and family member, that isolated her within the household.
	e. The governess-protagonist experienced an inner conflict between reason and desire, rationality and passion, restraint and emotion.

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Most Victorian novels, including those by Charles Dickens, represent women and men functioning in “separate spheres.” What does this mean?

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One contradiction about female sexuality put “moral guidance” and the desire for sex in opposition. To be a good wife therefore required women:

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Sensation fiction relied upon emotional effect. Which of the following helps to explain why?

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Sensation novels were not just entertainment; they also commented on social problems. Elizabeth Braddon created dangerous, scheming heroines embroiled in the complications of the bigamy plot. Which of the following were these plots responding to?

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The Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act and its later permutation in 1891:

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The rise of the governess novel was:

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The sensation novel evolved out of tabloid journalism and the public’s desire for novelty. They were related to the horror novel and to the mystery novel. Which of the following texts helped to first make sensation fiction popular with “sensation mania”?

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The Woman’s Suffrage Movement:

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There were contradictory images of womanhood in the Victorian period, particularly as it concerns female sexuality. What were the two poles between which women were often trapped?

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Which of the following attributes was NOT a feature of the governess novel?

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Which of the following best explains “The Woman Question”?

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Which of the following is a legislative act that affected women in the 19th century?

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Which of the following passages most accurately depicts the sensation-fiction technique of using shock or highly charged emotions?

Choose one answer.

	a. “When he had thoroughly recovered himself, and had joined me on the beach, his warm Southern nature broke through all artificial English restraints in a moment. He overwhelmed me with the wildest expressions of affection—exclaimed passionately, in his exaggerated Italian way, that he would hold his life henceforth at my disposal—and declared that he should never be happy again until he had found an opportunity of proving his gratitude by rendering me some service which I might remember, on my side, to the end of my days.”
	b. “We both bounced into the parlour in a highly abrupt and undignified manner. My mother sat by the open window laughing and fanning herself. Pesca was one of her especial favourites and his wildest eccentricities were always pardonable in her eyes.”
	c. “I had mechanically turned in this latter direction, and was strolling along the lonely high-road—idly wondering, I remember, what the Cumberland young ladies would look like—when, in one moment, every drop of blood in my body was brought to a stop by the touch of a hand laid lightly and suddenly on my shoulder from behind me. I turned on the instant, with my fingers tightening round the handle of my stick. There, in the middle of the broad bright high-road—there, as if it had that moment sprung out of the earth or dropped from the heaven—stood the figure of a solitary Woman, dressed from head to foot in white…”
	d. “The first touch of womanly tenderness that I had heard from her trembled in her voice as she said the words; but no tears glistened in those large, wistfully attentive eyes of hers, which were still fixed on me.”
	e. “We had hardly proceeded a third of the way down the Avenue Road when I saw a cab draw up at a house a few doors below us, on the opposite side of the way. A gentleman got out and let himself in at the garden door. I hailed the cab, as the driver mounted the box again. When we crossed the road, my companion's impatience increased to such an extent that she almost forced me to run.”

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Between 1870 and 1900, the formal Empire expanded to occupy an area of 4 million square miles. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that contributed to expansion?

Choose one answer.

	a. The development of Britain’s relationship with the United States of America
	b. A desire to defend the financial interests abroad
	c. The threat posed by emerging world powers
	d. The Industrial Revolution

.

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Clashes like the Crimean War did not produce much fiction, but did still influence novelists. Which of the following books was most influenced by the war in Crimea?

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Concepts about evolution (even erroneous ones) are often incorporated into fiction. Which of the following passages from The Sign of Four demonstrate the imperialistic and frequently race-driven fear of non-British people?

Choose one answer.

	a. “They were tall, fierce-looking chaps, Mahomet Singh and Abdullah Khan by name, both old fighting-men who had borne arms against us at Chilian-wallah. They could talk English pretty well, but I could get little out of them. They preferred to stand together and jabber all night in their queer Sikh lingo.”
	b. “He was a good-sized, powerful man, and as he stood poising himself with legs astride I could see that from the thigh downwards there was but a wooden stump upon the right side.”
	c. “At the sound of his strident, angry cries there was movement in the huddled bundle upon the deck. It straightened itself into a little black man—the smallest I have ever seen—with a great, misshapen head and a shock of tangled, disheveled hair. Holmes had already drawn his revolver, and I whipped out mine at the sight of this savage, distorted creature. He was wrapped in some sort of dark ulster or blanket, which left only his face exposed; but that face was enough to give a man a sleepless night. Never have I seen features so deeply marked with all bestiality and cruelty. His small eyes glowed and burned with a sombre light, and his thick lips were writhed back from his teeth, which grinned and chattered at us with a half animal fury.”
	d. “‘It is nothing against the fort,’ said he. ‘We only ask you to do that which your countrymen come to this land for. We ask you to be rich. If you will be one of us this night, we will swear to you upon the naked knife, and by the threefold oath which no Sikh was ever known to break, that you shall have your fair share of the loot. A quarter of the treasure shall be yours. We can say no fairer.’”
	e. “His forecast proved to be correct, for the detective looked blank enough when I got to Baker Street and showed him the empty box. They had only just arrived, Holmes, the prisoner, and he, for they had changed their plans so far as to report themselves at a station upon the way. My companion lounged in his arm-chair with his usual listless expression, while Small sat stolidly opposite to him with his wooden leg cocked over his sound one. As I exhibited the empty box he leaned back in his chair and laughed aloud.”

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.

Despite Britain’s prowess at mid-century, the empire began to fall behind other nations. This decline has been variously ascribed to:

.

Imperialism has a problematic definition in the Victorian period. Though it traditionally means the formal annexation of territory, the “new imperialism” of Victoria’s reign actually meant:

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Imperialist foreign policies invoked paternalistic and (erroneous) racial theories based partly on evolution. Author Rudyard Kipling refers to this biased Imperialist viewpoint as “the white man's burden.” Which of the following best explains this phrase and its assumptions?

.

In the novel Dracula, we see a surprising reversal of the gothic’s use of place. Which of the following best describes this reversal and why it is important?

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In The Sign of Four, the mystery revolves around things that happen abroad. Which of the following events leads Jonathon Small to flee (and initiate the pact with the Sikhs?)

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New Imperialism has often been linked to the concept of “empire for empire’s sake.” Which of the following BEST describes this practice?

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Some of the tropes of gothic fiction employed by Victorians include:

Choose one answer.

	a. scientific discovery, narratives of progress, and a focus on positivism.
	b. colonies, foreigners, the arts, and beautiful scenery.
	c. psychological and physical terror; mystery and the supernatural; madness, doubling, and heredity curses.
	d. empire building, the East India Trading Company, merchant stories, and often pirates.
	e. romance, intrigue, spy-narratives, and political justice.

.

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The British Empire is often described as “ambivalent” in its expansion. Which of the following best explains this in terms of Victorian Imperialism?

.

The East India Company has a strange history. Though it began as a trading company, it evolved into:

.

The East India Trading Company, which had been a powerful trading entity, gradually became the authorized ruler of the vast Indian subcontinent. Which of these most accurately described the reasons for this shift?

.

The first British Empire was a mercantile one. Which of the following best explains the mercantile perspective of empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. A profitable balance of trade, it was believed, would provide the wealth, but simultaneously shrink the empire, meaning fewer colonies.
	b. Textiles were going to be the product of the future, more important than crops.
	c. Trade was unimportant; the wealth of the nation should be kept within the nation's borders.
	d. The mercantilists advocated in theory, and sought in practice, trade monopolies which would insure that Britain's exports would exceed its imports.

.

.

The growth of the British Empire was due, in large part, to which of the following?

.

The slow decline of the British Empire and the rise of foreign powers led to which of the following?

.

The term supernatural meant many things to the Victorians. Which of the following BEST describes Victorian supernatural?

.

The theory of atavism arose alongside evolutionary theory. Which of the following best explains atavism?

.

Vampirism in Dracula affects the young and the healthy, turning members of the British community into creatures of the night almost like animals. Which of the following theories might this reflect?

.

Which of the following passages most reflects the British fear of invasion as represented by the vampire?

Choose one answer.

	a. “I am glad that it is old and big. I myself am of an old family, and to live in a new house would kill me. A house cannot be made habitable in a day, and after all, how few days go to make up a century. I rejoice also that there is a chapel of old times. We Transylvanian nobles love not to think that our bones may lie amongst the common dead. I seek not gaiety nor mirth, not the bright voluptuousness of much sunshine and sparkling waters which please the young and gay.”
	b. “For if we fail in this our fight he must surely win, and then where end we? Life is nothings, I heed him not. But to fail here, is not mere life or death. It is that we become as him, that we henceforward become foul things of the night like him, without heart or conscience, preying on the bodies and the souls of those we love best. To us forever are the gates of heaven shut, for who shall open them to us again?”
	c. “We Szekelys have a right to be proud, for in our veins flows the blood of many brave races who fought as the lion fights, for lordship. Here, in the whirlpool of European races, the Ugric tribe bore down from Iceland the fighting spirit which Thor and Wodin gave them, which their Berserkers displayed to such fell intent on the seaboards of Europe, aye, and of Asia and Africa too, till the peoples thought that the werewolves themselves had come.”
	d. “I saw the fingers and toes grasp the corners of the stones, worn clear of the mortar by the stress of years, and by thus using every projection and inequality move downwards with considerable speed, just as a lizard moves along a wall.”
	e. “I went back to the room, and found Van Helsing looking at poor Lucy, and his face was sterner than ever. Some change had come over her body. Death had given back part of her beauty, for her brow and cheeks had recovered some of their flowing lines. Even the lips had lost their deadly pallor. It was as if the blood, no longer needed for the working of the heart, had gone to make the harshness of death as little rude as might be.”

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Animal magnetism was, according to Franz Mesmer, an invisible natural force exerted by animals. What did Mesmer think this magnetism could do?

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Fiction and non-fiction frequently influence one another. This was particularly true in Victorian Britain. Which author was particularly influential to the writing of Darwin's The Origin of Species

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In the Victorian period, phrenology was a science of the mind that:

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In what ways did the railway reinforce differences of class?

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In what ways is Journey to the Center of the Earth similar to the actual journey of the H.M.S. Beagle and Darwin?

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Karl Marx was primarily concerned with which of the following?

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Monomania was a frightening mental disorder for the Victorians because:

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Select the option in which all three factors listed were pre-conditions of the Industrial Revolution in Britain.

Choose one answer.

	a. Literacy, law, and military power
	b. Widely available printed material, literacy, adequate transportation
	c. Slave owners, slave labor, and the East India Trading Company
	d. Adequate transportation, gothic novels, and the steam engine
	e. Adequate communication, military power, colonies in the East Indies

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Sigmund Freud’s major contribution to science was his development of psychoanalysis. Which of the following best explain the practice?

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The construction of the railways had a great impact on British life and British fiction—particularly on how people judged time and distance. In which of the following novels does the difference between time and distance, as clocked by railways, appear specifically?

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The Industrial Revolution may be best defined as:

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The railway and its faster pace of life often worried Victorians, who feared it might have an effect on the nerves. Which of the following passages from The Signalman best illustrates the idea that “nerves” or senses may be fooled or disrupted?

Choose one answer.

	a. “A disagreeable shudder crept over me, but I did my best against it. It was not to be denied, I rejoined, that this was a remarkable coincidence, calculated deeply to impress his mind. But, it was unquestionable that remarkable coincidences did continually occur, and they must be taken into account in dealing with such a subject.”
	b. “The voice seemed hoarse with shouting, and it cried, ‘Look out! Look out!’ And then again ‘Halloa! Below there! Look out!’ I caught up my lamp, turned it on red, and ran towards the figure, calling, ‘What’s wrong? What has happened? Where?’”
	c. “Punctual to my appointment, I placed my p. 98foot on the first notch of the zig-zag next night, as the distant clocks were striking eleven. He was waiting for me at the bottom, with his white light on. ‘I have not called out,’ I said, when we came close together; ‘may I speak now?’”
	d. “Resisting the slow touch of a frozen finger tracing out my spine, I showed him how that this figure must be a deception of his sense of sight, and how that figures, originating in disease of the delicate nerves that minister to the functions of the eye, were known to have often troubled patients, some of whom had become conscious of the nature of their affliction, and had even proved it by experiments upon themselves.”
	e. “His manner cleared, like my own. He replied to my remarks with readiness, and in well-chosen words. Had he much to do there? Yes; that was to say, he had enough responsibility to bear; but exactness and watchfulness were what was required of him, and of actual work—manual labour—he had next to none.”

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The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde reflects Victorian fears of atavism and concepts of criminal anthropology because:

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The theory of Social Darwinism was primarily influenced by the work of Charles Darwin. Which of the following is also true?

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The Victorian period saw the professionalization of the sciences, and one of the leading thinkers of the age was Charles Darwin. Darwin’s theory of evolution is best described by which of the following:

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The voyages of discovery made by the Beagle and other scientific survey-related journeys influenced fiction—particularly early science fiction. Which of the following BEST explains why?

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There were several phases of the industrial revolution. In which combination are the phases listed in correct chronological order?

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Using concepts drawn from physiognomy, early eugenics, psychiatry and Social Darwinism, Cesare Lombroso's theory of anthropological criminology essentially stated that:

Choose one answer.

	a. the id, ego, and super-ego are the driving agents of every action and reaction.
	b. no one can ever be certain about criminal intent, not even the criminal him/herself.
	c. “man is a calculating animal,” in the causes of criminal behavior, premised on the idea that people have free will in making decisions, and that punishment can be a deterrent for crime.
	d. this was the mechanism that had allowed monarchies to become the primary form of government. He concluded that monarchs had asserted the right to rule and enforced it either through an exercise in raw power, or through a form of contract.
	e. criminality was inherited, and that someone “born criminal” could be identified by physical defects, which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic.

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Which of the following describes the most important development that came from Darwin’s time aboard the survey ship, H.M.S. Beagle?

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Which of the following theorists is being referenced in this passage from Dracula? “The Count is a criminal and of criminal type […] and qua criminal he is of an imperfectly formed mind. Thus, in a difficulty he has to seek resource in habit. His past is a clue, and the one page of it that we know, and that from his own lips, tells that once before, when in what Mr. Morris would call a 'tight place,' he went back to his own country from the land he had tried to invade, and thence, without losing purpose, prepared himself for a new effort. He came again better equipped for his work, and won. So he came to London to invade a new land. He was beaten, and when all hope of success was lost, and his existence in danger, he fled back over the sea to his home. Just as formerly he had fled back over the Danube from Turkey Land.”

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What was true about middle

Which aspect of poverty most alarmed the middle

Which of the following most accounted for the increase in urban populations in the half century after the Civil War?

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the urban bosses quizlet?