Which factor places an infant at risk for sudden infant death syndrome SIDS )? Select all that apply one some or all responses may be correct quizlet?

Hippokratia. 2011 Apr-Jun; 15[2]: 127–131.

Abstract

Sudden infant death syndrome [SIDS] is defined as the sudden death of an infant under one year of age which remains unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including performance of a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene and review of the clinical history. SIDS is one of the leading causes of infant mortality and occurs from the first month, until the first year of life for newborns and infants.

The aim of this review was to identify and examine risk factors responsible for causing the sudden infant death and to propose certain measures in order to protect newborns and infants from sudden death. The potential factors that contribute to the occurrence of SIDS include inadequate prenatal care, low birth weight [1 year old, who have history of sudden death in the family environment and inflammatory disorders. Finally, the last category concerns cases of deaths of infants, which made an autopsy after their death1.

According to the literature review, the possible risk factors that contribute to the incidence of SIDS are demographic, relevant to the pregnancy and the birth, the sleep environment, genetic, infective and cardiovascular.

Demographic factors

Low socioeconomic status, maternal young age, low maternal education and single marital status, are associated with the occurrence of SIDS1. Infants who did not live with their father were 50% higher sensitive in sudden death, unlike those who grew up with their father8. Also, several studies have reported that male infants present 30-50% more chances to die from sudden death9,10.

Factors related with pregnancy and birth

Pregnancy related factors [mothers with inadequate prenatal care11, intrauterine growth retardation, short intervals during pregnancies, second pregnancy or after] are connected with increased incidence of SIDS. The sudden death of a second child in a family comes 80-90% natural. Also, birth related factors such as premature 10 and low birth weight infants [infants that were borned at 1000-1499 gr are threatened 4 times higher to die from SIDS and those borned at 1500-2499 gr are threatened 3 times more respectively]12,13.

Substances abuse like tobacco, drugs and alcohol, in pregnancy period, are correlated with SIDS. Tobacco use in pregnancy affects the intrauterine fetal development. During an antismoking campaign, infants borned by mothers who smoke during pregnancy, have 3 times more risk to appear SIDS before the campaign14. The avoidance of smoking during pregnancy estimated that could have reduce SIDS cases by almost 21%.15 The effect of passive smoking was higher in infants