Which model or theory of emotion proposes that a range of physical sensations?

93.Which model or theory of emotion proposes that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings?a.James-Lange theoryb.catharsis theoryc.Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotiond.Cannon-Bard theoryANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Remember REF: Why Are We Emotional?OBJ: LO7

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Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications

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94.Which model or theory proposes that emotions act as a reservoir that fills up and spills over, andthat expressing these emotions will reduce arousal?a.James-Lange theoryc.catharsis theoryb.Schachter-Singer two-factor theoryd.Cannon-Bard theoryANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Remember REF: Why Are We Emotional?OBJ: LO795.Which model or theory of emotion proposes that there is a simultaneous and independentoccurrence of physical sensations and subjective feelings during an emotional experience?a.catharsis theoryb.Schachter-Singer two-factor theoryc.Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotiond.Cannon-Bard theoryANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Remember REF: Why Are We Emotional?OBJ: LO796.Which model or theory of emotion proposes that general arousal leads to assessment, which inturn leads to subjective feelings?a.James-Lange theoryb.Schachter-Singer two-factor theoryc.Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion

d.Cannon-Bard theoryANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Remember REF: Why Are We Emotional?OBJ: LO797.Which model or theory of emotion proposes that a range of physical sensations, from precise togeneral, requires varying degrees of cognitive processing prior to subjective feelings?a.James-Lange theoryb.Schachter-Singer two-factor theoryc.Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotiond.Cannon-Bard theoryANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Remember REF: Why Are We Emotional?OBJ: LO798.Which scenario supports the James-Lange theory of emotion?a.Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark,Tony’s heart races; he thinks about why this is the case, and realizes he has a crush onJuanita.b.Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh outloud, and then he begins to feel happy.c.Bethany feels very depressed about her recent break-up with her boyfriend. She slumpsdown on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better.d.Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid;

at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Why Are We Emotional?OBJ: LO799.Which scenario supports the catharsis theory of emotion?a.Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark,Tony’s heart races; he thinks about why this is the case, and realizes he has a crush onJuanita.b.Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh outloud, and then he begins to feel happy.c.Bethany feels very depressed about her recent break-up with her boyfriend. She slumpsdown on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better.d.Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid;at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Why Are We Emotional?OBJ: LO7100.Which scenario supports the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?a.Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark,Tony’s heart races; he thinks about why this is the case, and realizes he has a crush on

Juanita.b.Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh outloud, and then he begins to feel happy.c.Bethany feels very depressed about her recent break-up with her boyfriend. She slumpsdown on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better.d.Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid;at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Why Are We Emotional?OBJ: LO7101.Which scenario supports the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion?a.Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark,Tony’s heart races; he thinks about why this is the case, and realizes he has a crush onJuanita.b.Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh outloud, and then he begins to feel happy.c.Bethany feels very depressed about her recent break-up with her boyfriend. She slumpsdown on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better.d.Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid;at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze REF: Why Are We Emotional?OBJ: LO7

102.Consider the Capilano Canyon experiment (Dutton & Aron, 1974). What is theexplanation for why the men crossing the more frightening suspension bridge included muchmore sexual content in their interviews?a.In the presence of an attractive woman, the men attempted to repress their fear.b.Fear-provoking situations exaggerate risk-taking in all areas, including finding a mate.c.During times of heightened fear, people often try to distract themselves.d.The men misinterpreted physiological signals of fear as sexual arousal.ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Understand REF: Why Are We Emotional?OBJ: LO7103.The Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion (SAME) provides a middle groundbetween which two theories of emotion?a.The Cannon-Bard theory and the Schachter-Singer two-factor theoryb.The Cannon-Bard theory and the catharsis theoryc.The James-Lange theory and the Schachter-Singer two-factor theoryd.The James-Lange theory and the catharsis theoryANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Understand REF: Why Are We Emotional?OBJ: LO7104.According to the Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion (SAME), which scenario islikely to elicit the slowest emotional response?a.Tiana receives a rare phone call from her husband who is away at war; she happily grins

from ear-to-ear.b.While hiking, Daria sees a mountain lion off in the distance; she has never been so scared,and stops dead in her tracks as her heart beats uncontrollably.c.Doug is finishing up his term paper as his roommate accidentally drops a pint of beer onhis laptop; Doug starts to shake uncontrollably with anger.d.Tyrone looks over his annual progress report from his boss; the comments are mostlypositive and he is proud of his accomplishments.ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: Why Are We Emotional?OBJ: LO7105.According to contemporary views of emotion, an emphasis on what factor may accountfor the vast range of emotional reactions that individuals have toward the same event?a.physiologyc.appraisalb.individualismd.intelligenceANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Understand REF: Why Are We Emotional?OBJ: LO7

ESSAY1.Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and discuss how Maslow felt motivation is shaped. Howdoes the contemporary hierarchy of needs (Kenrick, Griskevicius, Neuberg, & Schaller, 2010)differs from Maslow’s? Which model do you prefer, and why?ANS:Maslow viewed motivation as a hierarchy of needs, in which lower levels must be satisfiedbefore the individual has the time and energy to pursue higher level needs. At the lowest level ofthe pyramid, we find “physiological needs,” including food, water, and shelter. These basic needsmust be met on a daily basis, or life will be threatened. Consequently, if meeting these needs is achallenge for a person, Maslow predicted that the person is unlikely to care about needsappearing at higher levels of the hierarchy. Once physiological needs are generally met, Maslowsuggests that we turn our attention to safety, and then to belongingness, represented by the loveand affection of others. For Maslow, these three lower categories are essential to human life.Freed from the challenges of meeting basic needs, we begin to seek esteem, or the respect wereceive from other members of the community. At the pinnacle of human striving, however, isthe goal of self-actualization, according to Maslow. A person seeking self-actualization desires tofully meet his or her potential.

Maslow’s classic theory received a recent modification that retained the overall hierarchicalorganization but added three new perspectives: the evolutionary functions of motives, thedevelopment of motives over the lifespan, and the cognitive priorities assigned to motives inresponse to environmental stimuli. This modified pyramid replaces self-actualization with mateacquisition, mate retention, and parenting. The authors of the revision noted that self-actualization was interesting, but they could not find an evolutionary explanation for why wewould seek to reach this level. Many of the activities described by Maslow as helping people toreach self-actualization, such as art and poetry, might be better explained as efforts to gain status,which in turn would attract mates.PTS: 1 DIF: Evaluate REF: What Does It Mean To Be Motivated?OBJ: LO4

2.Describe the four theories of emotion discussed in the text and provide an example for each.Which do you agree with the most and which the least? Explain your answer.ANS:The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings.At the core of the James-Lange theory is the idea that classes of emotions are the result of asequence of events. Once an individual perceives a stimulus, such as a grizzly bear, he or she willexperience a physiological response. This physiological response is subsequently interpreted bythe individual, giving rise to a conscious awarenessof a subjective feeling.The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion features the simultaneous and independent occurrence ofphysical sensations and subjective feelings during an emotional experience. For Cannon-Bard,the sight of the bear would immediately and simultaneously trigger a subjective feeling of fear(oh no, there’s a bear in my room) and physical sensations (probably the autonomic nervoussystem’s fight-flight response in this example). The Cannon-Bard theory does not assume thatthe experience of a subjective feeling is dependent on any physical sensations.The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory asserts that general arousal leads to assessment, which inturn leads to subjective feelings. Schachter and Singer believed that each emotional experiencebegins with an assessment of our physical sensations. Because these reactions can be similaramong emotional states (i.e. fear and sexual arousal), they suggested that interpreting these statesrequires another step. Any emotional arousal signals us to make a conscious, cognitive appraisalof our circumstances, which then allows us to identify the emotion we’re experiencing. Physicalsensations may lead to several different interpretations, based on the way an individual assesses asituation. The sight of a bear would initiate a general state of arousal. To identify the source of

your arousal, you would assess your situation, attribute your arousal to the presence of a bear inyour room, and identify your feelings as fear.The Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion (SAME) begins with a recognition thatphysical responses to a stimulus can range from quite specific to quite general. For example, thephysical sensations associated with disgust can be more precise than the physical sensationsassociated with pride. The initial degree of specificity of the physical response leads to differentcognitive processing. A highly specific physical response leads to unambiguous recognition of asubjective feeling. (e.g., A bear walks in, I react physically, I know I’m scared). At the otherextreme, instead of specific physical responses, a situation might produce very general arousal,which will require significant cognitive processing and evaluation. For example, a valedictoriangiving a graduation speech might not understand her arousal until she sees her parents and othermembers of the audience clapping and realizes the emotion she is feeling is pride.PTS: 1 DIF: Evaluate REF: Why Are We Emotional?OBJ: LO73.Describe John Gottman’s work in predicting the success of a relationship (Gottman, 2011). Thinkabout your own relationship with a romantic partner or close friend. How does your style ofcommunication affect this relationship? How might it be improved?ANS:

Psychologist John Gottman uses a combination of heart rate, facial expression, and an analysis ofthe way people talk about their relationships to each other and to others to predict whether arelationship will last. He is correct over 90% of the time. One of Gottman’s key observations isthe ratio of positive to negative comments in a couple’s discussion of a problem. Happy couplesmake 5 times more positive comments about each other and their relationship during thesediscussions (e.g., we laugh a lot versus we never have any fun).The human mind is skewed toward the negative, like noticing bitter tastes over sweet. This slantsuggests that it is all too easy to focus on your partner’s negative qualities, which will lead tonegative emotions and conflict. If we put our relationships on evolutionary cruise control, theratio of positive to negative comments might drop to a point where the relationship is in danger.Maintaining a more positive outlook on your partner requires attention and work.PTS: 1 DIF: EvaluateREF: Interpersonal Relationships From the Perspective of EmotionOBJ: LO4

Which model or theory of emotion proposes that a range of physical sensations from precise to general?

Which model or theory of emotion proposes that general arousal leads to assessment which in turn leads to subjective feelings?

What does the James

Which model or theory of emotion proposes that general arousal leads to?