In terms of neurotransmitter levels, depression is associated with Quizlet

The number of American households that were unbanked last year dropped to its lowest level since 2009, a dip due in part to people opening accounts to receive financial assistance during the pandemic, a new report says.  

Roughly 4.5% of U.S. households – or 5.9 million – didn't have a checking or savings account with a bank or credit union in 2021, a record low, according to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's most recent survey of unbanked and underbanked households. 

Roughly 45% of households that received a stimulus payment, jobless benefits or other government assistance after the start of the pandemic in March, 2020 said those funds helped compel them to open an account, according to the biennial report which has been conducted since 2009.

"Safe and affordable bank accounts provide a way to bring more Americans into the banking system and will continue to play an important role in advancing economic inclusion for all Americans,'' FDIC acting chairman Martin J. Gruenberg said in a statement.  

A lack of banking options delayed some households from getting federal payments aimed at helping the country weather the economic fallout from the COVID-19 health crisis.

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Checks arrived late for some of the unbanked:For 'unbanked' Americans, pandemic stimulus checks arrived slowly and with higher fees. But that could change.

The FDIC initiated an educational campaign to get more Americans to open an account to enable the direct deposit of those funds. And banks such as Capital One and Ally Financial ended  overdraft and other fees that have been a key barrier to some Americans accessing the banking system. 

What does it mean to be unbanked?

A household is deemed unbanked when no one in the home has an account with a bank or credit union. That share of households has dropped by nearly half since 2009. And since 2011, when 8% of U.S. households were unbanked, the highest since the start of the survey, and the record low reached in 2021, roughly half of the drop was due to a shift in the financial circumstances of American households the FDIC says.

Who are the underbanked?

What Is GABA?

GABA is a type of neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers in the nervous system.

Messages travel along the nervous system via neurons that pass signals to each other. For example, they might carry a message from the brain to your hand to move away from danger, or they may carry a message from the hand to the brain saying a pot is hot—or they may transmit messages between nerve cells in the nervous system.

As an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA blocks or inhibits certain nerve transmission. It decreases the stimulation of neurons. This means that a neuron that receives a message along the way doesn't act on it, so the message isn't sent on to other neurons.

This slow down in message transition may be helpful in modulating mood and anxiety. In other words, GABA calms your nervous system down, helping you to not become overly anxious or afraid.

Problems with GABA signaling seem to play a role in disorders that affect your mental health or your nervous system. These are known as psychiatric and neurologic conditions.

Types of Neurotransmitters

Inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA block certain brain signals and decrease nervous system activity. Another inhibitory neurotransmitter, serotonin, helps to regulate mood and anxiety.

Excitatory neurotransmitters have the opposite effect: They promote certain brain signals and increase nervous system activity. An example of an excitatory neurotransmitter is norepinephrine.

Functions

When messages, called “action potentials,” are received by a neuron, the message is passed on to another neuron via a series of steps.

However, about 30% to 40% of neurons contain GABA. These are called GABAergic neurons. When GABAergic neurons receive a message, they release GABA into the synapses where the message is supposed to be carried on. The release of GABA starts a reaction that makes it less likely that the action potential will be passed on to other neurons.

GABA activity only lasts milliseconds, but it has significant consequences. In the brain, it results in a calming effect. In the spinal cord, this process allows for sensory information integration, which means it allows your nervous system to process and organize information coming in from the senses.

GABA and Its Benefits in the Body

GABA is an amino acid that helps to regulate mood. It's released by certain neurons that carry messages along the nervous system. GABA acts to stop messages from being transmitted. Specifically, it affects how the body reacts to feelings of anxiety, fear, and stress, and it allows the nervous system to better process information.

GABA and Mental Health

If there is a dysregulation in the functioning of GABAergic neurons, it can affect mental health and contribute to a vaiety of psychiatric and neurologic disorders (disorders of the brain and nervous system). A lack of proper GABA activity may play a role in schizophrenia, autism, Tourette’s syndrome, and other disorders.

Anxiety Disorders

GABA activity helps you have a healthy response to stress by preventing neurons from sending out messages that would "fire up" the body.

Many things can impact GABA levels, which could contribute to anxiety. For example, research shows that external stressors and early life stressors can directly influence how GABA functions in the body, creating imbalances.

Schizophrenia

A lack of GABA is associated with problems carrying out normal cognitive functions. This is very important for people who have schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder that causes significant issues with thoughts, emotions, and behavior.

Problems with specific elements of the nervous system, GABA-A receptors, have been associated with features of schizophrenia, including hallucinations and cognitive impairment.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

While the exact cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is still unclear, animal and human studies have found associations between abnormalities in GABA activity and ASD symptoms. There seems to be a relationship between GABA and how a person with autism has limited interests or difficulty with social interaction.

The studies related to autism seem to show that GABA doesn't work alone. An imbalance in this neurotransmitter may affect other neurotransmitters and receptors, or GABA may be affected by them.

Major Depression

Lower levels of GABA in the body have also been associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). This is likely because GABA works in collaboration with other neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, which is also involved in mood disorders.

Research also suggested that improper GABA functioning may be a factor that contributes to suicide.

GABA and Physical Health

GABA activity plays an important role in several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders in which the body’s nerve cells break down or die.

 Among these disorders are:

• Huntington's disease: Reduced levels of GABA in people with Huntington's disease may contribute to dysfunction in the area of the brain that regulates voluntary movement.
  
• Epilepsy: A lack of GABA activity is related to excessive nervous system activity during seizures.
• Parkinson's disease: Rather than too little GABA activity, too much activity may be present with Parkinson's disease. This blocks messages in the movement centers of the brain.

Other disorders related to GABA activity include the following:

• Pyridoxine deficiency is a rare disease in which pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is not available to synthesize, or form, GABA. A lack of pyridoxine may cause seizures during infancy.
• Hepatic encephalopathy is a disorder in which liver disease affects brain function. It's associated with high levels of ammonia in the body. This ammonia may bind to GABA receptors and prevent them from functioning correctly.
• Dystonia is a movement disorder that involves involuntary muscle spasms that are believed to be related to a lack of GABA activity.
  

GABA and Mental Health

Stress and other factors can affect the development of the nervous system and GABA activity. This can lead to too little GABA, which may play a role in disorders related to brain function and mood, including schizophrenia, autism, depression, and anxiety. GABA activity (too little or too much) is also associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

Treatment

GABA occurs naturally in the body. In cases where there seems to be a problem with GABA activity, your healthcare provider may prescribe medication. Supplements are also sometimes used to regulate functions controlled by GABA.

How Can I Get GABA Naturally?

Research identifies foods that are dietary sources of GABA. They include broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, certain peas and beans, and oat, wheat, and barley. They also include rice, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, and spinach.

Medications

Drugs that are used to regulate GABA signaling include:

• Benzodiazepines: Bind to the GABA-A receptor, resulting in a calming effect
• Barbiturates: Sedative drugs that increase how long GABA binds to the GABA-A receptor
• Vigabatrin: Used to prevent the breakdown of GABA, helping to treat certain types of epilepsy
• Propofol: A sedative commonly used in general anesthesia, which supports GABA functioning
• Flumazenil: Binds to the GABA-A receptor, it is used to reverse the effects of benzodiazepines and improve mental status in people with hepatic encephalopathy
• Baclofen: A muscle relaxant that promotes GABA-B binding
• Valproic acid: Inhibits GABA uptake; acts as a mood stabilizer and anti-epileptic treatment
• Zolpidem: Works on the GABA-A receptor for a sedative-hypnotic effect
• Gabapentin: Increases GABA function; is commonly prescribed to treat neuropathic pain

GABA Supplements

GABA is available in non-prescription supplement form. Manufacturers sell natural GABA in pills and capsules at a range of prices, claiming their products can help reduce stress and help you to feel calm and relaxed. It can be sold alone or blended with other substances like melatonin, which promotes sleep. 

There is some question of how much of these supplements actually cross the blood-brain barrier and are ultimately available to the brain.

Are GABA Supplements Safe?

As with many other herbal supplements, pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid taking GABA supplements since there isn't strong research showing it's safe. If you're thinking about taking GABA supplements, talk to your healthcare provider first. 

What You Should Know Before Taking GABA Supplements

Risks of Raising GABA Levels

GABA activity and/or production can be affected by alcohol and other drugs. These substances can be abused by people trying to self-medicate.

Alcohol, for example, promotes GABA receptor activity. This can create a temporary feeling of calm and relaxation. But the effect is artificial and risky. You won't get the same effect over time. People may build up a tolerance, which makes the body require more of the substance to achieve the same feeling.

Overdosing or taking multiple GABA-modulating drugs and alcohol can result in respiratory depression (slow breathing) due to increased GABA signaling in the brain stem.

When to Seek Help

While your body's natural production of GABA has many benefits, artificial means of altering GABA activity can potentially lead to serious problems. Abusing certain substances that impact GABA may lead to use disorders and toxicity.

If you're using GABA medication or supplements and other GABA-affecting drugs like alcohol and benzodiazepines, talk with your healthcare provider. 

To learn more about substance abuse visit:

• The National Institute on Drug Abuse
• Narcotics Anonymous

Summary

There’s still much that’s not understood about GABAergic neurons and GABA activity. It’s clear, though, that mood and mental health are affected by this amino acid. It also plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases and other disorders.

Healthcare providers may be able to prescribe medications to help regulate GABA activity and treat these problems. These drugs need to be properly administered to avoid dependence or abuse.

There’s little research to support the benefits of over-the-counter supplements. They may offer some help, but they also pose a potential threat to your health if you use those supplements with alcohol or some other drugs.

A Word From Verywell 

GABA-modulating drugs can have powerful effects, and can help with people struggling to relax, calm themselves, and sleep. However, many of them carry a risk of abuse, which can create even more problems. Mood and anxiety disorders are complex and require treatment directed by a professional, so speak with a qualified healthcareprovider before taking medication or supplements on your own.

Frequently Asked Questions

• How many neurotransmitters are there?

  Although estimates vary, so far scientists have identified over 60 distinct neurotransmitters. These can be divided into three groups based on their function: excitatory neurotransmitters, inhibitory neurotransmitters, and modulatory neurotransmitters.

  Learn More: The Role of Neurotransmitters

• Can you take GABA every day?

  One study showed that taking 120 milligrams of GABA supplement per day for 12 weeks did not cause any serious adverse reactions. It may be safe although its benefits remain unclear. It's also not been determined if it's safe to use during pregnancy. Be sure to talk to your healthcare provider about its use.

  What is the main neurotransmitter associated with depression?

  For years and years, doctors and researchers assumed that depression stemmed from an abnormality within these neurotransmitters, particularly serotonin or norepinephrine.

  Which neurotransmitter is depression most associated with quizlet?

  Serotonin: its abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders.

  Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with major depressive disorder?

  Serotonin is produced by serotonergic neurons. Current research suggests that a decrease in the production of serotonin by these neurons can cause depression in some people, and more specifically, a mood state that can cause some people to feel suicidal.

  Which two neurotransmitters have been found to be implicated in depression quizlet?

  An imbalance of serotonin affects noradrenaline levels which can lead to depressive symptoms. Serotonin controls levels of noradrenaline. When serotonin is low, noradrenaline fluctuates. Low levels of noradrenaline lead to depression, high levels lead to mania.