Which countries were part of Ottoman Empire?
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Only 80 years separate the modern Middle East from the forgotten and long-lived Ottoman Empire. Over a time span of six hundred years, from about 1300 to 1923, the Ottoman Empire expanded into the largest political entity in Europe and western Asia and then imploded and disappeared into the back pages of history. At its height, the Empire controlled much of southeastern Europe, most of the area of the present day Middle East, and parts of North Africa. In the 13th century, the region of Anatolia (most of the Asian part of present day Turkey) was controlled by the Byzantine Empire in the northwest and the Seljuk Turks in the southwest. Around 1290, Osman I (1258-1324), a Muslim warrior and leader of a small principality inside Seljuk Turk territory, declared his independence from the Seljuk sultan. The Ottoman Empire was founded. (Ottoman is derived from Uthman, the Arabic form of Osman.) Show
From its small bridgehead in Anatolia, Osman and his son Orhan (1288-1362) began expanding their lands northwest into Byzantine Empire territory and east into the rest of Anatolia. By 1481 the Ottoman Empire territory included most of the Balkan Peninsula and all of Anatolia. During the second great expansion period from 1481 to 1683, the Ottoman Turks conquered territory in Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), and Hungary. At its apogee, Suleiman the Magnificent (c. 1495-1566) ruled the Empire and oversaw important achievements of Ottoman culture. In 1683 the Turks attempted to continue their European expansion by attacking Vienna in July. The assault failed; the slow decline of the Empire had begun. Problems within the army (over pay and recruitment) as well as government corruption and civil unrest were the main catalyst for the decline. Through a series of unsuccessful major conflicts and subsequent treaties the Empire lost most of its territory. Egypt was temporarily lost to Napoleon in 1798 then permanently lost in 1882. Greece was lost after the Greek War of Independence (1822-1827). War with Russia (1877-1878) resulted in the loss of more Balkan Territory. The Empire tried to modernize its army and implement political and economic reform but it was too late. In 1908 the Young Turk movement, led by a coalition of nationalist groups, revolted against the authoritarian regime of the sultan and setup a constitutional government. In World War I the government joined forces with the Central Powers. When the Central Powers were defeated, the Ottoman Territory was greatly reduced and the borders were aligned roughly with present day Turkey. After the war, from the years 1919 and 1923, Mustafa Kemal led a national uprising (the Turkish War of Independence) against the last Ottoman sultan which laid the foundation of the new Turkish State and signaled the end of the Ottoman Empire. Selected sources: Cantor, Norman F. ed. The Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. New York. 1999. O'Brien, Patrick K. general ed. Encyclopedia of World History. Facts on File. New York. 2000. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. The Ottoman Empire lasted from 1299 to 1923 as one of the largest and longest-lasting empires in history. Its capital city was Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). The empire was at the center of interactions between Eastern and Western civilization for six centuries. The Ottoman Empire contained all or parts of Turkey, Russia, The Ukraine, Greece, Italy, Hungary, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Israel, Libya, Morocco, Romania, Jordan, and many more. At its height, during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Ottoman Empire encompassed 43 present-day countries in southeastern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. The Ottomans were overwhelmingly Islamic. The Sultan was considered to be the supreme ruler, but he often delegated much of his power to lower officials. Although the Sultan was the only ruler, his leadership was not a monarchy; the Ottomans believed that wealth, prestige, and power could be earned rather than inherited. During World War I, the Ottoman Empire joined forces with the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the country of Bulgaria to form the Central Powers. The Allied Forces (the United Kingdom, France, and Russia, along with "associate Allies" like the United States, Italy, Greece, and many other countries) defeated the Central Powers, which led to the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. The allies partitioned the Ottomans' lands, after which the Turkish War of Independence led to the formation of the modern country of Turkey. Home Geography & Travel Historical Places historical empire, Eurasia and Africa Top Questions Where did the Ottoman Empire start?How did the Ottoman Empire start?Why was the Ottoman Empire called “the sick man of Europe”?How did the Ottoman Empire end?Summary Read a brief summary of this topicOttoman Empire, empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia (Asia Minor) that grew to be one of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries. The Ottoman period spanned more than 600 years and came to an end only in 1922, when it was replaced by the Turkish Republic and various successor states in southeastern Europe and the Middle East. At its height the empire encompassed most of southeastern Europe to the gates of Vienna, including present-day Hungary, the Balkan region, Greece, and parts of Ukraine; portions of the Middle East now occupied by Iraq, Syria, Israel, and Egypt; North Africa as far west as Algeria; and large parts of the Arabian Peninsula. The term Ottoman is a dynastic appellation derived from Osman I (Arabic: ʿUthmān), the nomadic Turkmen chief who founded both the dynasty and the empire about 1300. The Ottoman state to 1481: the age of expansionThe first period of Ottoman history was characterized by almost continuous territorial expansion, during which Ottoman dominion spread out from a small northwestern Anatolian principality to cover most of southeastern Europe and Anatolia. The political, economic, and social institutions of the classical Islamic empires were amalgamated with those inherited from Byzantium and the great Turkish empires of Central Asia and were reestablished in new forms that were to characterize the area into modern times. Origins and expansion of the Ottoman state, c. 1300–1402In their initial stages of expansion, the Ottomans were leaders of the Turkish warriors for the faith of Islam, known by the honorific title ghāzī (Arabic: “raider”), who fought against the shrinking Christian Byzantine state. The ancestors of Osman I, the founder of the dynasty, were members of the Kayı tribe who had entered Anatolia along with a mass of Turkmen Oğuz nomads. Those nomads, migrating from Central Asia, established themselves as the Seljuq dynasty in Iran and Mesopotamia in the mid-11th century, overwhelmed Byzantium after the Battle of Manzikert (1071), and occupied eastern and central Anatolia during the 12th century. The ghazis fought against the Byzantines and then the Mongols, who invaded Anatolia following the establishment of the Il-Khanid (Ilhanid) empire in Iran and Mesopotamia in the last half of the 13th century. With the disintegration of Seljuq power and its replacement by Mongol suzerainty, enforced by direct military occupation of much of eastern Anatolia, independent Turkmen principalities—one of which was led by Osman—emerged in the remainder of Anatolia. How many countries were in Ottoman Empire?At its height, during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Ottoman Empire encompassed 43 present-day countries in southeastern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa.
Which countries belonged to Ottoman Empire?At its height, the Ottoman Empire included the following regions:. Turkey.. Greece.. Bulgaria.. Egypt.. Hungary.. Macedonia.. Romania.. Jordan.. Who defeated Ottoman Empire?The Ottoman Empire sided with Germany in World War I (1914–18); postwar treaties dissolved the empire, and in 1922 the sultanate was abolished by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who proclaimed the Republic of Turkey the following year.
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