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Abnormal Psychology final
| Chapter One | |
| 1] Abnormal behavior is defined as behavior that is inconsistent with the individual’s developmental, cultural, and societal norms, creates emotional distress, and/or | impairment. |
| 2] The etiology of a disorder refers to | its origin. |
| 3] Approximately what total percentage of adults in the U.S. have suffered from a psychological disorder at some time in their lives? | 48% |
| 4] Of all disorders reported in the U.S., the most common are alcohol dependence and | anxiety. |
| 5] The concept of “developmental trajectory” expresses the notion that | behaviors considered abnormal at some ages are developmentally appropriate at others. |
| 6] Neurons release neurotransmitters into synapses. These neurotransmitters | bind to receptors sites. |
| 7] In operant conditioning, a reinforcer serves to | increase frequency a behavior it follows |
| 8] Biological scarring, as seen in some disorders such as PTSD, demonstrates that | brain anatomy changes because of a disorder. |
| 9] The social learning model of behavioral acquisition proposes that | people learn through observation of others. |
| 10] Whereas the behavioral approach focuses on | external events, the cognitive model targets |
| 11] In Aaron Beck’s cognitive model of depression, the cognitive triad consists of | negative thoughts of self, others, and future. |
| 12] While psychoanalytic and humanistic models assume that abnormality lies within the individual, | biopsychosocial models assume that abnormal behavior must be understood in a larger context outside of the individual |
| 13] The diathesis-stress model of abnormal behavior assumes that | genetic predisposition interacts with environment to express psychopathology. |
| Chapter Two | |
| 14] The human nervous system is composed of two parts, the | central and peripheral. |
| 15] Which of the following is the primary function of the hypothalamus? | Maintain homeostasis |
| 16] The term “complex trait” implies that | multiple genes interact to cause a trait. |
| 17] Describe how the behavioral genetics approach examines the interaction of genes and environment. | Behavioral genetics infer gene-environment interaction using twin/family studies. |
| 18] Correlation coefficients obtained in group research studies indicate the | relationship between two things. |
| 19] A research study produces a negative correlation between hours of sleep and test performance. Given this, what do we know about the relationship between these variables? | The more hours of sleep one gets, the poorer the test performance, or vice versa. |
| 20] When considering a curvilinear relationship between two variables, it is important to recognize that | two variables could be related in spite of low strength in their relationship. |
| 21] In order to draw causal conclusions about a research finding, a researcher must use a | longitudinal, randomized control study. |
| 22] In an experiment involving a specific form of therapy, the independent variable is the | therapy type. |
| 23] Random assignment to groups is a critical part of the methodology in controlled design experiments because each participant has | control for third variables. |
| 24] Whereas efficacy research focuses on | the laboratory, effectiveness research targets |
| 25] The “placebo effect” discussed in your text is the result of | expectancy on the part of the participant. |
| 26] The epidemiological approach to the study of abnormal behavior is one that | studies incidence and prevalence of a disorder. |
| Chapter Three | |
| 27] Clinical assessments for outcome evaluation may be repeated over time during treatment in order to | evaluate progress and assess for treatment termination. |
| 28] On psychological tests, the standard deviation gives an indication of | the distance of an individual’s score from the mean. |
| 29] In the self-referent approach to interpreting a score, a person’s score today | is compared to his previous score. |
| 30] A noted leader in the field of assessment, Paul Meehl, argued as early as 1954 that | statistical predictions were far more accurate than |
| 31] Of the many factors influencing the choice of assessment tools, one of the most important factors affecting a clinician’s choice is the | patient’s age. |
| 32] Current IQ test scores are standardized using a mean of | 100 and a standard deviation of |
| 33] If a psychologist wanted to test the effectiveness of a behavioral intervention for test anxiety, she would most likely choose what sort of assessment? | A symptom-specific test |
| 34] About what percentage of all persons receiving a primary diagnosis have symptoms that meet criteria for a second diagnosis? | 50% |
| 35] Developmental factors should be reflected in diagnostic systems because | of the theory of developmental trajectory. |
| 36] Culture-bound syndromes are best described as groups of symptoms that | are specific to only one culture. |
| 37] The dimensional model of classification is qualitative, implying what about how disorders are classified | on a continuum. |
| 38] The categorical model of classification used by the DSM-IV-TR implies what about how disorders are classified | must meet a certain number of symptoms to be classified. |
| Chapter Four | |
| 39] What are of the three components of anxiety? | Physical symptoms, future-oriented thoughts, and escape or avoidance behaviors |
| 40] In the U.S., the average age of onset for an anxiety disorder is | 11. |
| 41] According to your text, anxiety is a response oriented toward the | future. |
| 42] The core fear of individuals with social anxiety disorder is | negative evaluation from others. |
| 43] The core fear of individuals with panic disorder is | the symptoms of the panic attack. |
| 44] People who suffer from generalized anxiety disorder are characterized by excessive worry about | everything. |
| 45] One feature of obsessions that creates anxiety for an individual is their | intrusiveness. |
| 46] PTSD is initiated [as described by the DSM-IV criteria A] when an individual experiences a traumatic event OR | witnesses a traumatic event. |
| 47] Agoraphobia literally means fear of | the marketplace. |
| 48] Blood-injury-injection phobias are different from other phobias in a unique way involving vasovagal syncope. This condition involves | parasympathetic nervous symptoms. |
| 49] The anxiety sensitivity model of fear acquisition holds that some people | have more negative perceptions of what anxiety means – personality trait. |
| 50] As a pharmacological approach to the treatment of anxiety disorders, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs] correct serotonin imbalances by | blocking reuptake. |
| Chapter Six | |
| 51] Patients who take benzodiazepines for anxiety disorders for extended periods of time may risk | addiction. |
| 52] Based on 30 years of research on psychological interventions for anxiety disorders, it has been found that behavioral therapy and | CBT interventions are the most efficacious treatments |
| 53] In order to meet criteria for a major depressive episode, a patient would have to report experiencing depressed mood or lack of interest in daily activities for a period of | two weeks. |
| 54] Double depression is a term used to refer to episodes of | dysthymia and Major Depressive Disorder. |
| 55] According to your text, dysthymic disorder can best be conceptualized as | chronically low mood. |
| 56] Mania is a high, excessive mood often accompanied by pressured or rapid speech, a false sense of well-being, decreased need for sleep, extreme self-confidence and | inability to complete project. |
| 57] Individuals experiencing a manic episode usually experience all of the following except | ??? [symptoms include: grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkative, racing thoughts/ideas, distractibility, increase in goal-directed activity, high-risk pleasurable activities] |
| 58] The difference between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder is the presence of | hypomanic disorder in the latter instead of a full-blown manic episode. |
| 59] Passive suicidal ideation and active suicidal ideation may be discriminated from each other on the basis of | plans, means, and intent. |
| 60] Through their association with low levels of serotonin, behaviors such as | impulsivity and physical aggression increase the risk for suicide. |
| 61] According to your text, environmental factors that may precipitate major depression include all of the following except | holidays. |
| 62] Universally, women are diagnosed | twice as often as men for major depression. |
| 63] Seligman’s learned helplessness theory has been used as a framework for explaining the contribution of negative, inescapable events/environments to | depression in some people. |
| 64] A client who has habitual negative thoughts of being a failure and worthless would be described as having | negative automatic thoughts in Aaron Beck’s cognitive theory of depression |
| 65] Which of the following therapies recognizes the central influence of current relationships on mental health? | Interpersonal Therapy |
| 66] The great advantage of SSRIs compared with earlier antidepressant drugs is that they | have fewer side effects. |
| 67] Among all the symptoms found in somatization disorder, pseudoseizures are | highly uncommon. |
| Chapter Five | |
| 68] Which of the following is the most commonly diagnosed somatoform disorder? | Undifferentiated |
| 69] Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder | have an exaggerated sense of deformity in one feature. |
| 70] Body dysmorphic disorder in adolescence | leads to higher suicide rates. |
| 71] According to proponents of dissociative identity disorder, a failure of | normal personality development may cause the onset of the illness. |
| 72] Select the statement that is TRUE of the relationship between severe childhood trauma and dissociative identity disorder. | There is a positive correlation. |
| 73] The major distinction between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue is that with dissociative fugue only | travel. |
| 74] The diagnosis of dissociate identity disorder may depend on the | therapist beliefs. |
| 75] Cognitive-behavioral therapy approaches the treatment of dissociative disorders by assuming that | misinterpret their symptoms. |
| 76] Factitious disorders differ from somatoform and dissociative disorders in the that former | produces intentional symptoms. |
| 77] One way to discriminate a factitious disorder from malingering would be to look for | personal gain. |
| Chapter Seven | |
| 78] Clinicians use the | BMI in determining the weight status of their clients |
| 79] A particularly perplexing clinical feather of anorexia nervosa is the | intense fear of gaining weight though severely underweight. |
| 80] An official diagnosis of anorexia nervosa requires 3 consecutive months of | amenorrhea. |
| 81] Psychological features often associated with anorexia nervosa include | depression. |
| 82] The most important personality trait found to be predictive of anorexia nervosa is | perfectionism. |
| 83] The most important personality trait found to be predictive of bulimia nervosa is | impulsivity. |
| 84] Key symptoms of bulimia nervosa include recurrent episodes of binge eating, a feeling of being “out of control” during binge episodes, and | compensatory behaviors. |
| 85] Unlike overeating too much of a favorite food, people with bulimia nervosa | feel out of control. |
| 86] Which of the following is TRUE of both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa? | Both can include compensatory behaviors. |
| 87] A compensatory behavior may be defined as | anything that expels caloric intake. |
| 88] Compared with anorexia nervosa patients, persons diagnosed with bulimia nervosa have | normal to overweight BMIs. |
| 89] Eating much more rapidly than normal is a key feature of which disorder listed below | binge eating disorder. |
| 90] What structural brain abnormalities have researchers discovered in patients with anorexia nervosa when they are ill? | Reduced gray matter |
| 91] Relatives of persons with anorexia or bulimia have an increased risk for eating disorders | 10 times that of persons with no familial history of these disorders. |
| Chapter Eight | |
| 92] Until about 25 years ago, a homosexual orientation | was a psychological disorder. |
| 93] There are sex differences in the strength of same-sex attraction, such that | men are more likely to be exclusively homosexual than women are. |
| 94] Gender identity is a concept | of who you believe yourself to be. |
| 95] Gender identity disorder is characterized by a strong and persistent cross-gender identification and | desire to be the opposite sex. |
| 96] An extreme dislike to and avoidance of all [or almost all] genital contact with a partner is termed | sexual aversion. |
| 97] Transvestic fetishism is the desire to dress in clothes of the opposite sex for sexual gratification. This disorder is | present in straight men. |
| 98] The most common age of onset for all paraphilias is? | Adolescence |
| 99] The most common pedophilic acts are | touching and fondling. |
| Chapter Nine | |
| 100] According to your text, substance use is defined as | moderate substance intake. |
| 101] Substance abuse as a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis may include all of the following associated behaviors except | [withdrawal or tolerance]. |
| 102] Substance dependence involves the two characteristic features of | withdrawal and tolerance. |
| 103] Worldwide, the most commonly used drug is | caffeine. |
| 104] A prime factor in nicotine’s highly addictive potential is [are] | immediate effect on pleasure sensors. |
| 105] According to your text, what percent of smokers that attempt to quit smoking will achieve sustained abstinence after 1 year? | 2% |
| 106] Alcohol is a | depressant. |
| 107] Signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal include all of the following except | delusions. |
| 108] Despite affecting many neurotransmitters, alcohol has a particularly powerful effect on the neurotransmitter | GABA. |
| 109] THC is the active ingredient in marijuana. It produces a sense of euphoria by stimulating | canabinoid receptors. |
| 110] Cocaine produces its euphoric effect by its impact on which neurotransmitter | dopamine. |
| 111] The treatment model for substance abuse that encourages the patient to evaluate how their substance abuse interferes with their life goals and values is | motivation-enhancement therapy. |
| Chapter Ten | |
| 112] Psychotic disorders are characterized by unusual thinking, distorted perceptions, and | odd behaviors. |
| 113] The 3 symptom categories in schizophrenia are | positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive impairments. |
| 114] Positive symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the | symptoms that exist in people with disorder that do not with unaffected people. |
| 115] Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include all of the follow except | psychomotor retardation. |
| 116] Negative symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the | symptoms that do not exist in those with schizophrenia that do with unaffected people. |
| 117] Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include all of the following except | delusions. |
| 118] One symptom of schizophrenia is the ability to be “posed” in a certain position by another person and remain in that position until “reposed.” This symptom is called | waxy flexibility. |
| 119] Of the following schizophrenia subtypes, which is characterized by only the presence of negative symptoms or previous positive symptoms that have lessened in severity or frequency? | Residual |
| 120] Except for the length of the disorder and the degree of functional impairment, schizophrenia and | schizophreniform have the same symptomatology |
| 121] In | schizoaffective disorder, patients exhibit symptoms of both schizophrenia and mood disorders. |
| 122] Excessive amounts of | dopamine in the limbic area are thought to be one of the contributing factors in the development of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
| 123] Genetically speaking, if both parents are diagnosed with schizophrenia, there is a | 50% chance of their child also developing the disorder |
| 124] The two structural brain abnormalities that are consistently found in individuals with schizophrenia are | enlarged ventricles and reduced gray matter. |
| 125] MRI studies have demonstrated that changes in ventricle size and gray matter quantity among people with schizophrenia | occur before the onset of illness. |
| 126] Prenatal exposure to the | influenza virus is thought to be a contributing factor in the development of schizophrenia |
| 127] The term “expressed emotion” is used to describe the | emotional involvement and attitudes found among family members of persons with schizophrenic disorder |
| 128] The treatment of choice for schizophrenia is typically | pharmacological. |
| 129] Antipsychotic medications work by blocking | dopamine receptors. |
| 130] A serious side effect associated with typical or first generation antipsychotic medications is a neurological condition characterized by abnormal and involuntary movements. This condition is called tardive dyskinesia. | |
| 131] A noninvasive technique has been developed to treat the symptoms of several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. This treatment, which stimulates neurons in specific brain regions with a magnetic current, is called | TMS. |
| 132] When medication is not entirely effective in treating psychotic symptoms, it may be supplemented with | CBT. |
| Chapter Eleven | |
| 133] The three Ps that are used to differentiate personality disorders from other psychological disorders include all of the following except | paranoid. [3 Ps: persistent, pervasive, and pathological] |
| 134] The behaviors that are characteristic of Cluster A personality disorders are described as | odd or eccentric. |
| 135] The behaviors that are characteristic of Cluster B personality disorders are described as | dramatic, emotional, or erratic. |
| 136] The behaviors that are characteristic of Cluster C personality disorders are described as | anxious or fearful. |
| 137] Which symptom differentiates paranoid schizophrenia from paranoid personality disorder? | Bizarre delusions |
| 138] Schizoid | personality disorder involves a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in interpersonal settings. |
| 139] Which personality disorder revolves around a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others, including family members and friends? | Paranoid |
| 140] Antisocial | personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. |
| 141] The personality disorder that includes a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort, reduced capacity for close relationships, cognitive or personal distortions, and behavioral eccentricities is called | schizotypal personality disorder. |
| 142] Histrionic | personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. |
| 143] Which personality disorder is marked by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration from others, and lack of empathy? | Narcissistic |
| 144] When a patient’s symptoms include a pervasive pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and impulsivity, the mostly likely personality disorder diagnosis is | borderline personality disorder. |
| 145] Avoidant | personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitity to negative evaluation |
| 146] A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency differentiates | obsessive-compulsive personality disorder from the other personality disorders |
| 147] Which personality disorder is marked by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation? | Dependent |
| 148] In order for antisocial personality disorder to be diagnosed, the patient must be at least | 18 years old with symptoms of conduct disorder before age 15. |
| 149] The five dimensions of the Five Factor Model of personality include neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness, and | extraversion. |
| 150] Functional impairments in personality disorders are most often seen in what area? | Social relationships. |
Which personality disorder revolves around a pervasive distrust?
Borderline personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, moods, and behavior and hypersensitivity to possible rejection and abandonment. People with borderline personality disorder fear rejection and abandonment, partly because they do not want to be alone.
What type of personality disorder is characterized by feelings of distrust?
Paranoid personality disorder [PPD] is a mental health condition marked by a long-term pattern of distrust and suspicion of others without adequate reason to be suspicious [paranoia]. People with PPD often believe that others are trying to demean, harm or threaten them.
Which personality is characterized by suspiciousness and mistrust?
Paranoid personality disorder [PPD] is a challenging mental health condition defined by mistrust and suspicion so intense that it interferes with thought patterns, behavior, and daily functioning.
Are personality disorders pervasive?
Personality disorders in general are pervasive, enduring patterns of thinking, perceiving, reacting, and relating that cause significant distress or functional impairment.